Zomi aw Tho in
by; Thangbawi,
Pu Zauva & All
Nong thudot athupi khat hi.
Theih gige dingah hih Uital (SPDC) te pen mipi' gal (common enemy) ahi
hi. Tua hi in hihte' kiattheihna ding (or) thanemna ding nasepna
khempeuh ah ih panzawh tan panding ahi hi.
Asawtlo in lutol te hong diang leuleu ding aa tualai ah zong Zomite ki
ommawk tuanlo ding hi. Ommawk tuanding zong hilo hi. Hihte pen ih
pianken mawhpuak ahi hi. Kuama' sawl ngakding hilo hi. Sum tha lawhna
zong hilo hi. Pawlkhat in "Ei hun tung nai kei" ci mawkmawk hi. Nang
ei' hun tunciang om hamtang ding cih guarantee nei na hiam ? Cihding
himai inteh. Mi' khuta gul matsawm pen sila lungsim hi.
Karente tawh Zomi te'n tangthu ihnei hi. Zomi omlo hi leh Karen te'n
kawlgam auk lianding uh ahi hi. Tuni dongin akhasia omlai uh hi. Tu aa
zah sangin pahpih huai zawlai hi. Tua hileh bek khangsawn te'n agah
(thukkikna) na at nawnlo ding uh hi.
Zomi te'n ih galte akap theilo hile hang Manipur state ah Zomi om
nawnlo ding hi.
Tulaitak ihgal lianpen Uitalte mah hiphot hi. Uital om nawn kei leh
Talpakte zong ki mukha nawnlo ding hi. Hih uital suankhiatna ding vai
ah nasep ding tampi omlai hi. Emotional feeling tawh vakap pah leng ih
buisumh ding hi.
Athupi penpen ah kigingsa aa ih omding bek thupi phot hi. Thusau
ngaihsut kul hi. Pu Chin Sian Thang leh Pu Thang Lian Pau te' vaang
tawh Zomi Tedim Kampau te pen mikhempeuh in hong zahtak in hong pimuh
uh hi. Ahatpen ding in zong hong ki lamen ahih manin thu hong kuppih
tanghtangh uh hi. Amau' hongmuan zah in ei ih hi takpi hiam ? Zomite'
mailam ding Zomite' khutsung mah ah om hi. Zomi aw tho in !
Zogam leitung beidong kip hen !
Zokam tawh leitung beidong Pasian' Min kiphat hen !
Thangboi
Zangkong
Monday, August 31, 2009
Friday, August 28, 2009
Parent Day - Mother's Day
Parent Day - Mother's Day
MaMa,
You are the World's very greatest Important one
You Hold me in your arms that's my paradise
Even the world will chang in 7folds I will always be a babe for you
I can't change my Mom when she Could
I can't find a Mom not mine
I can't create a Mom not this
I can't have a greater Mom than 'ka Tun Nu'
but, I love my Mother Most
and i can only do her great and sweet
This is My Mother who is the warmest ever
Tun Nu' Anglai Ngai
ZaSang
MaMa,
You are the World's very greatest Important one
You Hold me in your arms that's my paradise
Even the world will chang in 7folds I will always be a babe for you
I can't change my Mom when she Could
I can't find a Mom not mine
I can't create a Mom not this
I can't have a greater Mom than 'ka Tun Nu'
but, I love my Mother Most
and i can only do her great and sweet
This is My Mother who is the warmest ever
Tun Nu' Anglai Ngai
ZaSang
Parents Day - Father's Day
Zo Tungsunni, Zo Nu leh Pa, Ka Tun Ka Zua
Kongit PaPha
Happy Parents' Day
''ZoTungsunni''
Phalvaktung zing dainom bang
A sipdidee daingo kai te,
Nosuah nading Sunnitang bangHinna khuavakpha Nongpia Tung Sun Ni aw,,,,,
Na Banzal khomungpi tawhZan khuaziingpi huihbangh nawk in meibang theng a,
Milun vontawi ZoMomno te nitang khuavak nunnuamna sung'
Apallun in Lun Khawvel ah guabang hing in mabang nong zawt ding,,
hai bang ngaklah'ng eee, ZoSunni awww....
Nuam mah si ung, Zo tungsunni...........
Zogam Pa aw, Zotun-nu aw,
Mi'zua, kei'zua ka haih sam diam!
Kawlnu vaipaa ke'n ka khial diam!
Galngam leh Hangsai tangthu sutt ni ci leng, ke'n ka lellaah kei!
Tun, zua theilo Zonote,Sim leh hmar ah daidang in, sanggam melma ta hiam aw, ci'ng,,
Sun in kha ong tang, zan in ni... koilai ah lam bang nong hei san....
Ka cinn ka tuai te'n heina peuhpan hong zongh uh ee
Gammang singlak ong zongh ung,
Khuavel tualdang leimong dong ah,
Tun leh zua melma in Singdang tunnu, singdang' zuapa limbang bel ee,
Ka muangzo kei, ka um ngamkei, tomkal gammang......
Sunnipall bang ong pall ding Zotungsunni,
Leilu leitaw a nung amai,
Nang ma vang tawh ong liah aw,
Zonote in na angsung ong ngai ung ee,
Zotun-nu aw, Zo zua-pa aw,Van ah ninel bang in ong kai le cin a,
Leitung on uapcip hi le cin...
Na nunzu khuaizu bang a khum te ko ong tulh aw,
I inn ah ong ciah pih in, singdang huangsung khenta ni!
Singdang' tun,zua ka ngai lo, ningzu-kha ong tulh uh ee,
Ka tun ka zua Zomi Zua-pa,
Na nunzu ong nilh ta aw,,,,
Tungsunni bangh ongpal ta in Zogam Pa aw......---------
"Zomi vontawi a kuama peuh in Minam tawisang ciat ni"
Itna tawhSamuelZamSianSang,=============="
SianSang's Heartist love of Mom,
ZasangS Sweetest gift for Mothers' Day'
[Zolai / English] composed:
Nu, Nu aw,
Kong itna nang tawh kua ka teh diam! tehpih omlo lianpen Tunnu hi den cia,
Itpen Tunnu, ngaihpen tunnu,
Na banzal na anglai ka ngai
Numkhum nuamzu tawh kei nong pom
Nuampen hoih pen
Ka tun' aang lim.....
Nophun' nong muak, dahhun' nang guak
Nek tang silh tang kei nong guan
Hehtang dah tang nang nong thuak
Tuisik dam pan nunna nong tun
Theisen momno na vontawi tangbangdam, guabang hing in nunnuam tual dong nong tun' maw,
''Abei ngeilo, a kiam ngeilo Tunnu' itna,
Apallun Ni ong lun e, Zua' siang'h nunna a khawl zongh'... TunNu' Angsung zuan na ve'ng,
It sem ning ee, lungdam sem ning ka tunnem aw,
Pa tawh khawllo, leng tawh khawl lo, tun nu bek mah tawh ma suan na ve'ng,
Nungciang leitung tunu angsung
Ngaiden ning e, zuan den lai ning
A Khang kik kik kisuan dong ah Tunnu' anglum mah nuam pen ee.
ZaSang
Kongit PaPha
Happy Parents' Day
''ZoTungsunni''
Phalvaktung zing dainom bang
A sipdidee daingo kai te,
Nosuah nading Sunnitang bangHinna khuavakpha Nongpia Tung Sun Ni aw,,,,,
Na Banzal khomungpi tawhZan khuaziingpi huihbangh nawk in meibang theng a,
Milun vontawi ZoMomno te nitang khuavak nunnuamna sung'
Apallun in Lun Khawvel ah guabang hing in mabang nong zawt ding,,
hai bang ngaklah'ng eee, ZoSunni awww....
Nuam mah si ung, Zo tungsunni...........
Zogam Pa aw, Zotun-nu aw,
Mi'zua, kei'zua ka haih sam diam!
Kawlnu vaipaa ke'n ka khial diam!
Galngam leh Hangsai tangthu sutt ni ci leng, ke'n ka lellaah kei!
Tun, zua theilo Zonote,Sim leh hmar ah daidang in, sanggam melma ta hiam aw, ci'ng,,
Sun in kha ong tang, zan in ni... koilai ah lam bang nong hei san....
Ka cinn ka tuai te'n heina peuhpan hong zongh uh ee
Gammang singlak ong zongh ung,
Khuavel tualdang leimong dong ah,
Tun leh zua melma in Singdang tunnu, singdang' zuapa limbang bel ee,
Ka muangzo kei, ka um ngamkei, tomkal gammang......
Sunnipall bang ong pall ding Zotungsunni,
Leilu leitaw a nung amai,
Nang ma vang tawh ong liah aw,
Zonote in na angsung ong ngai ung ee,
Zotun-nu aw, Zo zua-pa aw,Van ah ninel bang in ong kai le cin a,
Leitung on uapcip hi le cin...
Na nunzu khuaizu bang a khum te ko ong tulh aw,
I inn ah ong ciah pih in, singdang huangsung khenta ni!
Singdang' tun,zua ka ngai lo, ningzu-kha ong tulh uh ee,
Ka tun ka zua Zomi Zua-pa,
Na nunzu ong nilh ta aw,,,,
Tungsunni bangh ongpal ta in Zogam Pa aw......---------
"Zomi vontawi a kuama peuh in Minam tawisang ciat ni"
Itna tawhSamuelZamSianSang,=============="
SianSang's Heartist love of Mom,
ZasangS Sweetest gift for Mothers' Day'
[Zolai / English] composed:
Nu, Nu aw,
Kong itna nang tawh kua ka teh diam! tehpih omlo lianpen Tunnu hi den cia,
Itpen Tunnu, ngaihpen tunnu,
Na banzal na anglai ka ngai
Numkhum nuamzu tawh kei nong pom
Nuampen hoih pen
Ka tun' aang lim.....
Nophun' nong muak, dahhun' nang guak
Nek tang silh tang kei nong guan
Hehtang dah tang nang nong thuak
Tuisik dam pan nunna nong tun
Theisen momno na vontawi tangbangdam, guabang hing in nunnuam tual dong nong tun' maw,
''Abei ngeilo, a kiam ngeilo Tunnu' itna,
Apallun Ni ong lun e, Zua' siang'h nunna a khawl zongh'... TunNu' Angsung zuan na ve'ng,
It sem ning ee, lungdam sem ning ka tunnem aw,
Pa tawh khawllo, leng tawh khawl lo, tun nu bek mah tawh ma suan na ve'ng,
Nungciang leitung tunu angsung
Ngaiden ning e, zuan den lai ning
A Khang kik kik kisuan dong ah Tunnu' anglum mah nuam pen ee.
ZaSang
Wednesday, August 26, 2009
Laipian leh Ishua
by NaCin(NangLamCin)
Pasian vui bawl ni
------------------
Pau Cin Hau biakna dan,
Ka neuthu mang mawh mang dekdek ta in hong khah khia dih ning.Laipian Pau Cin Hau in Laipian cih biakpiakna a phuh ma in Lailui khua ah Pasian ta vuibawl hi. Banghang in Pasian ta vuibawl hiam ci-in Biakna dang te leh khua tuamtuam te in lamdang a sa mahmah zong om aa, hai vai a sa zong om hi. Kei bang in hihthu a takpi a hih man in ka gen thei zel aa, kua mah in hong umlo uh hi. Hih peen mikhat in gupkhiat na ngah ingh ci aa Tetti panna tawh a kibang a hih man in ih theih pih ding zong kisam ka sa mahmah hi. Ka cihnop na ah Mi khat a pianthak tak ciang in a pianthak dan peen tetti pang hamtang a hih man in tua hang a hi hi.
Lailui khua ah Laipian biakna a kipat ma in Pu Pau Cin Hau in Ih Pa Pasian a up a san man in Lailui khuabup ( inn bang zah a hi ta tam?? thei lo) inn lusi in vaak aa, tu hun pau leh gupna thu gen ih ci diam?? Ishua si hi ei te tang ding in ci in gen aa Hau sa pa tawh leh khua zang bup in ki thukim uh a hih man in Lailui khua zang bup in Pasian ta peen ei te mawhna tang ding in si hi cih upna lahna in tua hun lai dangkaa tang khat ta leh zu phel khat ta ki dong in Sial aki tongsuu a phata khat go uh aa, sa sin sa lung tawh Pasian ta vui bawl in mual bawl aa tua mun peen tu dong on Pasian ta vui na ki ci hi. Tua hun aa mualbawl te phuisam na na ngaih sak dih ve,,Tu ni a kipan ei te tang ding in Pasian ta si kei a ci a om leh hih sa lung sakal muat in muat hen ci in sa lung ki phum hi ci uh hi venn,( Ka Pi Niang Kawi tung pan, a mah peen Leo Deng Hau Nu) Lailui Christian Fellowship te in tu ma Singlam teh ki phuk ma deuh in singlam teh lian pian mahmah khat phut kik aa, a hi zong in tua laitak Kumpi te in khua Hausa te zo uh a hih man in Tua Pasian ta vui-na aa ki phut kik Singlam teh peen ki phuk mawk hi.
Na up kei leh Lailui khua mi khat peuhpeuh tung ah lailui khua ah Pasian ta vui-na a om hiam cih ki dong thei hi.
a la sak uh a them no khat;;
"""Ishua aw ee Sian ee, sian i von tawi ee,,, pha tak ee,, tung si mu bang ka laam ee,, ci in la ka sa uh ci in ka pi te ka Pu te un gengen uh hi.
Cope topa in Pau Cin Hau aw, ih up pa kibang hi, kipawl ni ci-in a zawt ciang in Pau Cin Hau in topa aw,ih up pa ki bang mah hi, ih updan ki bang lo hi ci-in ki pawl thei lo uh hi ci uh hi.
Nacin
Aus
Pasian vui bawl ni
------------------
Pau Cin Hau biakna dan,
Ka neuthu mang mawh mang dekdek ta in hong khah khia dih ning.Laipian Pau Cin Hau in Laipian cih biakpiakna a phuh ma in Lailui khua ah Pasian ta vuibawl hi. Banghang in Pasian ta vuibawl hiam ci-in Biakna dang te leh khua tuamtuam te in lamdang a sa mahmah zong om aa, hai vai a sa zong om hi. Kei bang in hihthu a takpi a hih man in ka gen thei zel aa, kua mah in hong umlo uh hi. Hih peen mikhat in gupkhiat na ngah ingh ci aa Tetti panna tawh a kibang a hih man in ih theih pih ding zong kisam ka sa mahmah hi. Ka cihnop na ah Mi khat a pianthak tak ciang in a pianthak dan peen tetti pang hamtang a hih man in tua hang a hi hi.
Lailui khua ah Laipian biakna a kipat ma in Pu Pau Cin Hau in Ih Pa Pasian a up a san man in Lailui khuabup ( inn bang zah a hi ta tam?? thei lo) inn lusi in vaak aa, tu hun pau leh gupna thu gen ih ci diam?? Ishua si hi ei te tang ding in ci in gen aa Hau sa pa tawh leh khua zang bup in ki thukim uh a hih man in Lailui khua zang bup in Pasian ta peen ei te mawhna tang ding in si hi cih upna lahna in tua hun lai dangkaa tang khat ta leh zu phel khat ta ki dong in Sial aki tongsuu a phata khat go uh aa, sa sin sa lung tawh Pasian ta vui bawl in mual bawl aa tua mun peen tu dong on Pasian ta vui na ki ci hi. Tua hun aa mualbawl te phuisam na na ngaih sak dih ve,,Tu ni a kipan ei te tang ding in Pasian ta si kei a ci a om leh hih sa lung sakal muat in muat hen ci in sa lung ki phum hi ci uh hi venn,( Ka Pi Niang Kawi tung pan, a mah peen Leo Deng Hau Nu) Lailui Christian Fellowship te in tu ma Singlam teh ki phuk ma deuh in singlam teh lian pian mahmah khat phut kik aa, a hi zong in tua laitak Kumpi te in khua Hausa te zo uh a hih man in Tua Pasian ta vui-na aa ki phut kik Singlam teh peen ki phuk mawk hi.
Na up kei leh Lailui khua mi khat peuhpeuh tung ah lailui khua ah Pasian ta vui-na a om hiam cih ki dong thei hi.
a la sak uh a them no khat;;
"""Ishua aw ee Sian ee, sian i von tawi ee,,, pha tak ee,, tung si mu bang ka laam ee,, ci in la ka sa uh ci in ka pi te ka Pu te un gengen uh hi.
Cope topa in Pau Cin Hau aw, ih up pa kibang hi, kipawl ni ci-in a zawt ciang in Pau Cin Hau in topa aw,ih up pa ki bang mah hi, ih updan ki bang lo hi ci-in ki pawl thei lo uh hi ci uh hi.
Nacin
Aus
Zomi leh Pasian-II
Zomi le Pasian
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna Part 3
II. Kha tawh kisai Zo minamte’ Upna
a. Tanglai Pasian le Zomi
Zomi te pen kha thu a um mah mah minam te ahi uh hi. Pasian zongh kha, dawi le kau te zongh kha mah ci in um uh a, mihing in zongh kha nei hi ci in um uh hi. Tua hi le a Pasian uh pen koi mun tak pan hong piang a hitam? Pasian/Pathian pen Zo pau khiatna in asiangtho Pa cihnopna hi lo ding ahih leh Sente (Chinese) ii Pa-hsien cih kammal mah pan hong pai a hi diam? Zo minamte zongh amin, apau, anneek, etc. te ah Chinese te tawh kibatna tampi om hi. Tua banah Zo mite pen Central Asia pan a Tibeto-Burmese minam khat mah ahih uh teh, Zo kumpi dynasty om ngei takpi ding hiam? Kawlgam Bagan hun lai in Thet (Sak) minam te pen Zo te dingin ki um mawh hi. Tua hi le Thet kumpi le biakna thu limtak a thei a om diam? Pyu te pen Buddhist ahihlam kithei hi. Zo te’n Pasian upna aneih uh pen Sen gam
pan Pa-hsien mah hi ding hiam? Tua hi leh Zo te’ Pasian/Pathian le Kawl te’ Paya kinai na a om thei diam? (Sing Khaw Khai in Zo Pasian le Kawl Paya kinaina a om in gelh hi. Zo People and Their Culture, 105-120). Kawl te’ Paya Thakhin pen Bagan Dynasty hun Raja Kumar khansuang tungah amasa pen in kimu thei hi. Kawl lai tawh lai kigelh asawt pen hun muhna hi.
Sen te in Christian God pen (Mattio Ricci hun lai missionary te lekkhiatna: Ming Dynasty hun lai) amau ngeina sung a Shangti min mah zangh kik uh hi. Ahihhang tu hun ciang in pawlkhat te’n Shangti pen Pasian min dingin deih pha nawn lo cih thu zong om hi. Tua Shangti/ Sangti le Zo te’ Pasian Siang pen pa, Sang pen pa kinai na om ding hiam? Kachin te’ Karaikasang tawh e le, kinaina om diam? “Ka Pasian na taii in, ka Lungzai na taii in!” cihna (Neino Tangthu) ah Pasian le Lungzai pen akibang mah hi ding hiam? Pathian pen Chinese Ti’en mah pan hi ding hiam? Sing Khaw Khai in Haka Lai pau Rung,
Tedim pau Lungzai, le Chinese pau Lung te pen akibang hi a, tanglai Gulpi cihnopna in gelh hi. (Zo People and Their Culture, 108-109) . Tua hi leh Zo minamte’ biak pen Gulpi hi mawk ve maw? Lungzai in hong siam thei, Khuazing in hong siam thei cih upna le biakna himawk ahih teh. Neino Tangthu sungah bel Pasiante unau in saliam sangin miliam gup ding khensatsak a, Pasian pen mihing agum vanglian khat ahihna kimu thei hi. Zo minam te tanglai a alai uh ui in nektumsak mawk ahihmanin Pasian thu ki gelhna bangmah kinei lo a, sangmangte’ hong bawl sak laisimbu te ah tanglai Pasian thu ki mu thei pan hi.
b. Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le Zomi
Pau Cin Hau in Pasian pen van le lei piangsak pa Supreme Being in hong tangko khia a, dawi biakna thoihna te pan in Pasian biakna ah Zomi [Tedim Gam] te makaih hi. Laipian biakna pen Zo ngeina sung mah ah Pasian biakna cih ding ahi hi. Zo zu zong dawn thei hi. Tedim gam sungah mi 26,000, Falam gam sungah 9,700 convert cih mawk pen Pau Cin Hau Movement khauhpai mahmah ahihna kimu thei hi. Tua ahihleh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian pen sangmang missionary te’ Pasian mah tawh akibang ahidiam? Pau Cin Hau in Zo biakna sungah ahibialbual upna le zek teng nusia in Pasian khat bekmah biak ding hong suah hi. Siangsak mahmah hi. Tua manin Zomi te in tua biakna zui nuam hi thei kha ding uh hi.
c. Missionary te’ Pasian le Zomi
Missionary te Khamtung Zogam hong tun’ uh ciangin, bang hangin Christian God pen Zo minamte’ Pasian/Pathian tawh hong introduce uh hiam? Min dang te ahi: Lungzai, Khuazing, Zinmang, etc., te bang hang in zangh lo zaw ahi diam? Tua hun laitakin Pau Cin Hau’ Laipian Pasian pen Zomite’ sungah kisang siam mahmah ahihman hi kha ding hi. Sangmangte’ sung pan pawl khat (e.g. Dr. East le Dr. Cope) in Pau Cin Hau pen Pasian’ tapa hong pai nading lampi asial khol ahi Tuiphum Zaw Hang bangin ngaihsun uh hi. (Robert G. Johnson: 400). Dr. East lai khak (Johnson kiang) sungah: “Pau Cin Hau pawl te’n Jehovah Pathian kiangah thungen uh hi.” [Johnson: 208] ci hi.
d. Pasian, Zinmang le Khuazing
Missionary te in Zo minam tuamtuamte’ ngeina sungah upna le biakna te hong kaltel khittak uh ciangin Pasian/Pathian pen Zo mi te’ Supreme Being in hong telkhiatsak in, Universal God in hong biakpih ta uh hi. Adangdang te ahi Zinmang, Khuazing, Lungzai, etc, etc, te pawl pawl pen personal god tuamtuam dan in hong ngaihsut sak hi le kilawm hi. Dawi le kha gi lo atuamtuam te pen bel gen vet ding hi nawn loin, Pasian khat bek mah bia ding, thumang ding, cih te lamah hong kalsuanpih to cih ding ahi hi. Tua ahihmanin, Zo minam tuamtuam te in Nipi ni pen Sabbath ni in ngaihsun in tang uh hi.
e. Pasian le Zo Ngeina
Missionary te in Christian sungah zu ne [dawn] thei lo ding; Sunday ni pen nipi ni in tang ding cih thukham or thukhun tawh Zomi te pantah to ahihmanin Zo minam Christian te in nipi ni pen Israel te’ Sabbath tan’ in tang uh a, Christian ahihna pen zu neek lohna tawh lak uh hi. Karen evangelist te tung tawn in convert uh ahihmanin kawl pau zangh uh a “Tapidaw” le “Lawki” ci in kikhen uh hi. Kawl pau pan Zo pau ah transliteration abawl hi a, Zomi te’n akhiatna zongh a telcian mawk na uh diam? cihnophuai hi. Zomi te in Zo ngeina sung pan in hong pusuak uh a, Christian ngeina sungah hong lut uh hi. A ngeina uh nusia in midangte ngeina zui ta uh hi. Asanggam Kawl te in Sengam laizang lampan aken uh angeina lui te uh nusia in midang ngeina ahi India te a leh Thai te a azuih
kawikawi mah bangun, Zo Minam te in zongh angeina lui uh nusia in Mikang Christian te ngeina sungah abiakna uh hong khelta uh cih ding ahi hi. Zo minam te lah ah Christian le ngeina lui kilamdanna pen zu ne le zu nelo hi lian hi. Zu ne te lawki [azak ngei loh uh kammal, akhiatna zong athei mawk uh tam, tu ni dong mah zangh lai ve un] ci uh a, zu ne lo te tapidaw ci uh hi. Tapidaw cihin Zo pau in khiatna a nei diam? Tapidaw biakna thak sungah ngeina lui a hi zu le sa, ki le khuang; Zo ngeina lamna, khuang tum, dak tum, etc., te pan kipan laphuakna, lasakna, etc., ngeina hoih no no te khempeuh pen Lawki ngeina ci in dawi biakna tawh kipawl sak ta uh a, nusiatpi in nusia ta uh hi. Midang te in Christianity pen angeina sung uh ah khangto sak ciat uh hi napi in, Zo minamte in Christianity sungah angeina lui uh nusia in midangte ngeina teng zui kawi kawi mawk ta uh hi.
III. Mihing Kha le Sihnungah Nuntakna
[Human Spirit and Life After Death]
[ Zom to lai ding, zop ding tam mahmah lai…alunglut t’a ding…alunglut te’n hong kuppih ta un. Lungdam hi.]
Suanpi
Philip Cope Suan Pau
ARMS: All Racial Mission & Theological Studies
Yangon, Myanmar
------------ --------- --
The United Graduate School of Theology
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Website: http://myanmarmissi ons.talkspot. com
Tel: 82 10 7509 8001
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna Part 3
II. Kha tawh kisai Zo minamte’ Upna
a. Tanglai Pasian le Zomi
Zomi te pen kha thu a um mah mah minam te ahi uh hi. Pasian zongh kha, dawi le kau te zongh kha mah ci in um uh a, mihing in zongh kha nei hi ci in um uh hi. Tua hi le a Pasian uh pen koi mun tak pan hong piang a hitam? Pasian/Pathian pen Zo pau khiatna in asiangtho Pa cihnopna hi lo ding ahih leh Sente (Chinese) ii Pa-hsien cih kammal mah pan hong pai a hi diam? Zo minamte zongh amin, apau, anneek, etc. te ah Chinese te tawh kibatna tampi om hi. Tua banah Zo mite pen Central Asia pan a Tibeto-Burmese minam khat mah ahih uh teh, Zo kumpi dynasty om ngei takpi ding hiam? Kawlgam Bagan hun lai in Thet (Sak) minam te pen Zo te dingin ki um mawh hi. Tua hi le Thet kumpi le biakna thu limtak a thei a om diam? Pyu te pen Buddhist ahihlam kithei hi. Zo te’n Pasian upna aneih uh pen Sen gam
pan Pa-hsien mah hi ding hiam? Tua hi leh Zo te’ Pasian/Pathian le Kawl te’ Paya kinai na a om thei diam? (Sing Khaw Khai in Zo Pasian le Kawl Paya kinaina a om in gelh hi. Zo People and Their Culture, 105-120). Kawl te’ Paya Thakhin pen Bagan Dynasty hun Raja Kumar khansuang tungah amasa pen in kimu thei hi. Kawl lai tawh lai kigelh asawt pen hun muhna hi.
Sen te in Christian God pen (Mattio Ricci hun lai missionary te lekkhiatna: Ming Dynasty hun lai) amau ngeina sung a Shangti min mah zangh kik uh hi. Ahihhang tu hun ciang in pawlkhat te’n Shangti pen Pasian min dingin deih pha nawn lo cih thu zong om hi. Tua Shangti/ Sangti le Zo te’ Pasian Siang pen pa, Sang pen pa kinai na om ding hiam? Kachin te’ Karaikasang tawh e le, kinaina om diam? “Ka Pasian na taii in, ka Lungzai na taii in!” cihna (Neino Tangthu) ah Pasian le Lungzai pen akibang mah hi ding hiam? Pathian pen Chinese Ti’en mah pan hi ding hiam? Sing Khaw Khai in Haka Lai pau Rung,
Tedim pau Lungzai, le Chinese pau Lung te pen akibang hi a, tanglai Gulpi cihnopna in gelh hi. (Zo People and Their Culture, 108-109) . Tua hi leh Zo minamte’ biak pen Gulpi hi mawk ve maw? Lungzai in hong siam thei, Khuazing in hong siam thei cih upna le biakna himawk ahih teh. Neino Tangthu sungah bel Pasiante unau in saliam sangin miliam gup ding khensatsak a, Pasian pen mihing agum vanglian khat ahihna kimu thei hi. Zo minam te tanglai a alai uh ui in nektumsak mawk ahihmanin Pasian thu ki gelhna bangmah kinei lo a, sangmangte’ hong bawl sak laisimbu te ah tanglai Pasian thu ki mu thei pan hi.
b. Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le Zomi
Pau Cin Hau in Pasian pen van le lei piangsak pa Supreme Being in hong tangko khia a, dawi biakna thoihna te pan in Pasian biakna ah Zomi [Tedim Gam] te makaih hi. Laipian biakna pen Zo ngeina sung mah ah Pasian biakna cih ding ahi hi. Zo zu zong dawn thei hi. Tedim gam sungah mi 26,000, Falam gam sungah 9,700 convert cih mawk pen Pau Cin Hau Movement khauhpai mahmah ahihna kimu thei hi. Tua ahihleh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian pen sangmang missionary te’ Pasian mah tawh akibang ahidiam? Pau Cin Hau in Zo biakna sungah ahibialbual upna le zek teng nusia in Pasian khat bekmah biak ding hong suah hi. Siangsak mahmah hi. Tua manin Zomi te in tua biakna zui nuam hi thei kha ding uh hi.
c. Missionary te’ Pasian le Zomi
Missionary te Khamtung Zogam hong tun’ uh ciangin, bang hangin Christian God pen Zo minamte’ Pasian/Pathian tawh hong introduce uh hiam? Min dang te ahi: Lungzai, Khuazing, Zinmang, etc., te bang hang in zangh lo zaw ahi diam? Tua hun laitakin Pau Cin Hau’ Laipian Pasian pen Zomite’ sungah kisang siam mahmah ahihman hi kha ding hi. Sangmangte’ sung pan pawl khat (e.g. Dr. East le Dr. Cope) in Pau Cin Hau pen Pasian’ tapa hong pai nading lampi asial khol ahi Tuiphum Zaw Hang bangin ngaihsun uh hi. (Robert G. Johnson: 400). Dr. East lai khak (Johnson kiang) sungah: “Pau Cin Hau pawl te’n Jehovah Pathian kiangah thungen uh hi.” [Johnson: 208] ci hi.
d. Pasian, Zinmang le Khuazing
Missionary te in Zo minam tuamtuamte’ ngeina sungah upna le biakna te hong kaltel khittak uh ciangin Pasian/Pathian pen Zo mi te’ Supreme Being in hong telkhiatsak in, Universal God in hong biakpih ta uh hi. Adangdang te ahi Zinmang, Khuazing, Lungzai, etc, etc, te pawl pawl pen personal god tuamtuam dan in hong ngaihsut sak hi le kilawm hi. Dawi le kha gi lo atuamtuam te pen bel gen vet ding hi nawn loin, Pasian khat bek mah bia ding, thumang ding, cih te lamah hong kalsuanpih to cih ding ahi hi. Tua ahihmanin, Zo minam tuamtuam te in Nipi ni pen Sabbath ni in ngaihsun in tang uh hi.
e. Pasian le Zo Ngeina
Missionary te in Christian sungah zu ne [dawn] thei lo ding; Sunday ni pen nipi ni in tang ding cih thukham or thukhun tawh Zomi te pantah to ahihmanin Zo minam Christian te in nipi ni pen Israel te’ Sabbath tan’ in tang uh a, Christian ahihna pen zu neek lohna tawh lak uh hi. Karen evangelist te tung tawn in convert uh ahihmanin kawl pau zangh uh a “Tapidaw” le “Lawki” ci in kikhen uh hi. Kawl pau pan Zo pau ah transliteration abawl hi a, Zomi te’n akhiatna zongh a telcian mawk na uh diam? cihnophuai hi. Zomi te in Zo ngeina sung pan in hong pusuak uh a, Christian ngeina sungah hong lut uh hi. A ngeina uh nusia in midangte ngeina zui ta uh hi. Asanggam Kawl te in Sengam laizang lampan aken uh angeina lui te uh nusia in midang ngeina ahi India te a leh Thai te a azuih
kawikawi mah bangun, Zo Minam te in zongh angeina lui uh nusia in Mikang Christian te ngeina sungah abiakna uh hong khelta uh cih ding ahi hi. Zo minam te lah ah Christian le ngeina lui kilamdanna pen zu ne le zu nelo hi lian hi. Zu ne te lawki [azak ngei loh uh kammal, akhiatna zong athei mawk uh tam, tu ni dong mah zangh lai ve un] ci uh a, zu ne lo te tapidaw ci uh hi. Tapidaw cihin Zo pau in khiatna a nei diam? Tapidaw biakna thak sungah ngeina lui a hi zu le sa, ki le khuang; Zo ngeina lamna, khuang tum, dak tum, etc., te pan kipan laphuakna, lasakna, etc., ngeina hoih no no te khempeuh pen Lawki ngeina ci in dawi biakna tawh kipawl sak ta uh a, nusiatpi in nusia ta uh hi. Midang te in Christianity pen angeina sung uh ah khangto sak ciat uh hi napi in, Zo minamte in Christianity sungah angeina lui uh nusia in midangte ngeina teng zui kawi kawi mawk ta uh hi.
III. Mihing Kha le Sihnungah Nuntakna
[Human Spirit and Life After Death]
[ Zom to lai ding, zop ding tam mahmah lai…alunglut t’a ding…alunglut te’n hong kuppih ta un. Lungdam hi.]
Suanpi
Philip Cope Suan Pau
ARMS: All Racial Mission & Theological Studies
Yangon, Myanmar
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The United Graduate School of Theology
Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
Website: http://myanmarmissi ons.talkspot. com
Tel: 82 10 7509 8001
Wednesday, August 19, 2009
Intro of Zomi
Zogam tangthu a tomin - Rev. Khup Za Go
Written by Rev. Khup Za Go (Late)
Wednesday, 15 July 2009 09:50
Zogam (Chin Hills) pen a leitang tai patle 13,902 hi a, mihing pen 1974 kumin 354,000 pha dingin ki-ummawh hi. A gam buppi pen township 9 kisuah a, Tiddim, Tonzang, Falam, Thlantlang, Haka, Matupi, Paletwa, Mindat leh Kanpetlet kici a, Township Officer khat ta in uk hi.
Thangmual (Fortwhite), Inbuk, Bawipa, Lunmual, Awtaraw leh Khonu kicite mual minthangte hi a, lui min nei deuh pen, Gun, Ciau, Bawinu, Lemro, Mata leh Mong kicite hi. Lih pen bual lian pen hi.
Ki-ukna:
Tang laiin Zogam pen kuama khut nuaiah om loin Zomite amau leh amau ki-uk hi. 1896 kumin Mikang kumpi in ana tawh la-in, India leh Kawlgam pen gam khatin uk khawm uh hi. 1948 kum a Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah ciangin Zogam pen Chin Special Division kici-in a uk Zumpi pen Chin Affairs Council kici hi. 1974 kumin Zomite in State ngah uh a, Zogam pen Chin State kici a, Zo Zumpi pen Chin States People’s Council kici Zo Zumpi pen amasa in Rangoon ah om hi. Tua panin Kawlpi (Kalemyo) ah kisuan a, tua pan tawl khat khit ciangin Haka khua ah kikhin kik a, tu takin tua lai munah om hi.
Biakna:
1. Khanglui Biakna: Ni dang laiin Zomite in dawi leh kau, sing leh suang bia uh hi. Mual leh guamte kihta in vokno akno tawh kithoi uh hi. Dawi nam tampi inn dawi, gam dawi a bia uh hi. Hih bang biakna pen Mikang pau-in Animism kici a, leitung mi khempeuh phial in tanglai in tua bang upna leh biakna a nei uh hi. Kawlte in zong Buddha biakna a zuih ma un hih bang khanglui biakna mah zui hi dingin ki-ummawh hi.
2. Pau Cin Hau Biakna: 1900 pawl ciangin gan tawh kithoih dawi biakna phiatin Pasian khat om hi ci-in upna biakna thak khat Pau Cin Hau in phuan hi. Tua biakna thak pen kibawl phain tu-a Zogam sung bekah hi loin Manipur leh Aizawl gam Zomite tenna dong in kizel man hi. Pau Cin Hau pen Tedim khua Khan Lian leh Cing Zam’ tapa hi a, 1859 kumin suak a, 1948 Dec. 28 ni-in Mualbem khua-ah si hi. Zolai zong phuan ahih manin “Laipian Biakna” zong kici thei hi.
3. Khristian Biakna:
(a) American Baptist Pawlpi : Zogam Lai Siangtho thu hong puak masa pen American Baptist Pawlpi hi. March 15, 1849 kumin Rev. A. `Carson-te nupa Zogam tung hi. March 21, 1902 ciangin zato siam Dr. H. East-te nupa Zogam hong tung uh hi. Missionary masa pen Rev. A. Carson April 1, 1908 kum a sih ciangin Dec. 21, 1908 ciangin Dr. J.H. Cope te nupa hong tung hi. Dr. East pen a gam tawh kituak lo-a dam thei lo ahih manin sawt om loin America ciah kik pah a, a laih dingin zato Dr. J.G. Woodin te nupa Nov. 11, 1910 ciangin hong tung uh hi. Dr. Woodin te 1915 kumin Bhamo-an kisuan uh ahih manin Zogam nasem dingin Dr. C.V. Strait te nupa Oct. 2, 1925 ni-in hong tung uh hi. June 11, 1938 ni-in Dr. Cope a sih ciangin Dr. F.O. Nelson-te 1940 kumin hong tung uh hi. A nunung penin Rev. R.G. Johnson-te nupa February 2, 1946 ni-in hong pai uh a, 1966 kumin ciah kik uh hi. Amau nupa pen American Baptist Missionary Zogam pan a ciah nunung pen ahi uh hi. Hi bangin Zogam ah Khristian Pawlpi hong kipan a, 1940 kumin R.C.M. Pawlpi, 1948 ciangin S.D.A. Pawlpi hong tung uh a, tu ciangin Khristian Pawlpi tuamtuam tampi Zogam ah piang hi.
(b) Khristian Khantohna: Zogam ah tui kiphum masa pen Thuam Hang leh Pau Suan hi a, April 4, 1904 ni-in Rev. Carson in tuiphum hi. Missionary-te leh Zomi Khristian masate in haksatna tampi tawh na hong sep ciangun hi bang tuiphum mihing khan’tohna kimu hi:
1915 - 150
1930 - 1,591
1940 - 5,514
1950 - 19,655
1960 - 37,705
1970 - kithei lo
1980 - 69,191
Hih pen Zomi Baptist Convention (ZBC) ciaptehna bangin tuiphum sa teng bek hi a, Pawl huam milip hi lo hi. Tua ciangin ZBC pen Zogam sung bek hi lo Kale Valley, Tamu Valley leh Upper Chindwin sung Zomi Baptist kipawlna ahih manin Zogam sung Baptist Pawlpi ahi lo Khristian Pawlpi dangte tawh kigawm lai leh Zogam bup Khristian pha zah pen kithei pan ding hi.
(c) ZBC Tangthu Tawm: Zogam Khristiante pen tawm lai ahih manin 1905 a kipanin pawlpi khat bangin vai pai lai uh hi. 1948 ciangin Tiddim, Falam leh Haka ci-in Association 3 kisuah uh hi. 1953 ciangin hih Association thum tengin Zomi Baptist Convention ci-in kipawl khopna phuan uh hi. Tu ciangin ZBC pen Association tuamtuam 14 kipawlna hi a, Zogam sung Baptist bek hi loin a kiima Zomi Baptist te zong kipawl uh a, Tiddim, Falam, Haka, Kale Valley, Tamu Valley, Kalemyo, Thantlang, Matu, Tonzang, Kuki, Siyin, Zo, Thado leh Zotung ci-in Pasian nasep khopna hi. Tu-in ZBC pen Burma Baptist Convention sungah Karen zomin Convention thahat pen a nihna ahi hi. ZBC General Secretary masa pen Sia Hau Go hi a, tu laitak a sem pen sia Hrang Tin Khum hi. ZBC in Kawlgam bup BBC sungah pan mun a tuamtuam len ngei a, tu laitak BBC President zong Zomi Sia Tial Dum ahi hi.
Lai Thu
I gen sa bangin Tedim gam panin Pau Cin Hau in lai bawlin Zomite pen lai nei minam khat suak hi. Tua lai pen a tungin laimal 1053 bang hi. Tua pen kipuah phain laimal 37 kisuak sak hi. Hih laimal tawh biakna thu, tangthu leh late kikhumin Tedim gam bek hi loin Manipur gam dong kizang ngei hi. Hih Zolai tawh 1931 kumin British and Foreign Bible Society kici Lai Siangtho Khen Pawlpi in zong Mualtung Thuhilhna teng bu 500 khen ngei uh hi. (Tua Laibu pen India Bible Society in London Bible Society tung panin ngah ding a hanciam laitak hi). Kumpi lam panin Census of India, 1931 Volume XI; Part 1 laimai 194-5 sungah “Pau Cin Hau Script” ci-in kikhum hi. 1917 kuma Zomi French gam paite in hih Zolai zangin inn lamte tawh lai kikhak thei uh hi. Tu-a a kizang Mikang laimal bang loin Zopau pen hih Zolai tawh a awsuah a man lianlianin kigelh thei hi, kici hi. Tangthu a kigen savun tunga kigelh lai, uipi in a nek mang bang hi nawn lo ahih ciangin hih lai pen Zogam in a ngaihsut phat mahmah dingin kilawm hi.
Mikang laimal tawh 1915 Dr. Cope in Mattiu bu Tedim pau-a a khet pen Zogama laibu kibawl masa pen hi. 1932 kumin Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1977 ciangin Lai Siangtho buppi kikhen hi. 1932 kuma kikhen Thuciam Thak bu pen Zogam ah muh ding om nawn lo hi. Burma Bible Society ah bu khat kikhen hi ci-in Sia Kam Khaw Thang in gen a, London University library ah bu khat mah om hi ci-in “Tiddim Chin” kici laibu bawl Prof. Henderson in gen hi.
Haka pau tawh 1920 kumin Lungdamna Thute leh Sawltakte Tangthu a kikhet cil kum hi a, 1940 in Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1933 kumin Lai Siangtho bupi kikhen a, Falam tawh 1933 kumin Lungdamna Thu bute, 1937 kumin Thuciam Thak kikhen a, Lai Siangtho buppi pen a kibawl laitak hi. Zotung leh Ngawn pau tawh zong Lai Siangtho bu nono kibawl hi.
Sang laibu tawh kisai-in Dr. Cope in Tedim, Falam leh Haka pau tawh Class IV dong 1925 in na bawl khin hi. Dr. Cope in missionary ahih hangin Kumpi ah Sang Mang (Inspector-of-Schools - Chin Hills), na sem ahih manin Sang Mang a sem lo missionary te nangawn tu dongin “Sang Mang” kicihlawh hi.
Ni dang lai-in Zogam ah kikawmna haksa-a, khua muhna lah toi ahih ciangin gam khat leh nam khat ahih hangun kampau tuamtuam na piang hi. Tu hun leuleu ciangin kikawmna kiphakna tam, pilna siamna zong khang ahih manin khat leh khat pau leh ham kitheihna zong khang hi.
Minam Min
Tu-a hih lai gelhna sung ah kizang mah bangin Zomi leh Zogam cih pen a tunga kipanin a kizang tawntung hi a, Mikangte leh a pualam mi nam dangte in Chin leh Chin Hills ci-in ciamteh uh hi. Tedim gam pana lal Aizawl gam leh Manipur gam a tung mi pawl khatte i kilawh i kisapna khat Paite kici Zogam gen loh Tedim gamsung mahmah a zong a kizat loh pen mi tam pi-in lamdang sa in a hang kithei nuam ciat kha ding hi. Tua tawh kisai-in Census of India 1931, Vol. XI, Part 1, laimai 184 sungah: gamsung minam ciaptehna sungah Paite cih pen kiphiat hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Zogam Mangpi (Deputy Commissioner of Chin Hills) in a genna ah Paite cih min pen Falam gam mite in Zogam sak lam (Northern Chin Hills) a teeng Zomite pen Thahdo hitaleh Zote hitaleh, Sukte hitaleh mi namte a cihna uh kampau hi a, amau minam min, amau kilawhna min hi lo hi ci hi.
Thukhupna
Zogam tangthu, Pawlpi tangthu leh minam tangthu cih bang a kicinga gelhna laibu omlo a, a om sunte zong Mikangte gelh ahih manin ei theih nop leh deih lam thu tuang kim lo hi. Missionary te hong paina thu a kigelhna laibu thum ka et leh a ni a kha a tuam ciatin kikhum a, Rev. Nelson hong tun ni leh kha a kikhumna om lo hi. Zogam sazian (statistics) a kikan hangin kingah zo lo hi. Zogam lai sim thei en thei (Literacy percentage) ahi zongin, Kawlgam bupa Zomi pha zah ahi zongin a thei om lo hi. I gam i lei sazian thei kei leeng a khang a kiam i hih bangci kitheih ding hiam? Tua ahih manin 1981 gambup kisimna (census) pen lim taka theih sawm ding ahi hi. Mai lam hunah thu a kicing zaw a kan, a gelh hong om pah ding lamen hang. Bang hang hiam cih leh Pasian in a bawl sa na khat peupeuh kep loh don loin a mawkna in nusia ngei lo hi. Leitung leh a bawl sa na khempeuh a uk ding, a keem dingin mihing bawl hi. A bawl sa Eden huan a keem ding a hah ding, a puah dingin mipa koih hi. Tua ahih ciangin minamte Topa ahi Pasian in a bawlsa, a piansak Zomite leh Zogam zong Ama deihna tawh kituakin, Ama vangliatna dingin a keem ding, a cing ding, a zun ding mipa koih peuhmah ding hi. Tua mipa pen nang leh kei hi hang.
(Lungdamna Aw, Lom 5 Hawm 11 leh 12, Nov-Dec. 1980, laimai 1, Lom 6, Hawm 1 January 1981 laimai 1 pan a kiteikhia)
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Written by Rev. Khup Za Go (Late)
Wednesday, 15 July 2009 09:50
Zogam (Chin Hills) pen a leitang tai patle 13,902 hi a, mihing pen 1974 kumin 354,000 pha dingin ki-ummawh hi. A gam buppi pen township 9 kisuah a, Tiddim, Tonzang, Falam, Thlantlang, Haka, Matupi, Paletwa, Mindat leh Kanpetlet kici a, Township Officer khat ta in uk hi.
Thangmual (Fortwhite), Inbuk, Bawipa, Lunmual, Awtaraw leh Khonu kicite mual minthangte hi a, lui min nei deuh pen, Gun, Ciau, Bawinu, Lemro, Mata leh Mong kicite hi. Lih pen bual lian pen hi.
Ki-ukna:
Tang laiin Zogam pen kuama khut nuaiah om loin Zomite amau leh amau ki-uk hi. 1896 kumin Mikang kumpi in ana tawh la-in, India leh Kawlgam pen gam khatin uk khawm uh hi. 1948 kum a Kawlgam in suahtakna a ngah ciangin Zogam pen Chin Special Division kici-in a uk Zumpi pen Chin Affairs Council kici hi. 1974 kumin Zomite in State ngah uh a, Zogam pen Chin State kici a, Zo Zumpi pen Chin States People’s Council kici Zo Zumpi pen amasa in Rangoon ah om hi. Tua panin Kawlpi (Kalemyo) ah kisuan a, tua pan tawl khat khit ciangin Haka khua ah kikhin kik a, tu takin tua lai munah om hi.
Biakna:
1. Khanglui Biakna: Ni dang laiin Zomite in dawi leh kau, sing leh suang bia uh hi. Mual leh guamte kihta in vokno akno tawh kithoi uh hi. Dawi nam tampi inn dawi, gam dawi a bia uh hi. Hih bang biakna pen Mikang pau-in Animism kici a, leitung mi khempeuh phial in tanglai in tua bang upna leh biakna a nei uh hi. Kawlte in zong Buddha biakna a zuih ma un hih bang khanglui biakna mah zui hi dingin ki-ummawh hi.
2. Pau Cin Hau Biakna: 1900 pawl ciangin gan tawh kithoih dawi biakna phiatin Pasian khat om hi ci-in upna biakna thak khat Pau Cin Hau in phuan hi. Tua biakna thak pen kibawl phain tu-a Zogam sung bekah hi loin Manipur leh Aizawl gam Zomite tenna dong in kizel man hi. Pau Cin Hau pen Tedim khua Khan Lian leh Cing Zam’ tapa hi a, 1859 kumin suak a, 1948 Dec. 28 ni-in Mualbem khua-ah si hi. Zolai zong phuan ahih manin “Laipian Biakna” zong kici thei hi.
3. Khristian Biakna:
(a) American Baptist Pawlpi : Zogam Lai Siangtho thu hong puak masa pen American Baptist Pawlpi hi. March 15, 1849 kumin Rev. A. `Carson-te nupa Zogam tung hi. March 21, 1902 ciangin zato siam Dr. H. East-te nupa Zogam hong tung uh hi. Missionary masa pen Rev. A. Carson April 1, 1908 kum a sih ciangin Dec. 21, 1908 ciangin Dr. J.H. Cope te nupa hong tung hi. Dr. East pen a gam tawh kituak lo-a dam thei lo ahih manin sawt om loin America ciah kik pah a, a laih dingin zato Dr. J.G. Woodin te nupa Nov. 11, 1910 ciangin hong tung uh hi. Dr. Woodin te 1915 kumin Bhamo-an kisuan uh ahih manin Zogam nasem dingin Dr. C.V. Strait te nupa Oct. 2, 1925 ni-in hong tung uh hi. June 11, 1938 ni-in Dr. Cope a sih ciangin Dr. F.O. Nelson-te 1940 kumin hong tung uh hi. A nunung penin Rev. R.G. Johnson-te nupa February 2, 1946 ni-in hong pai uh a, 1966 kumin ciah kik uh hi. Amau nupa pen American Baptist Missionary Zogam pan a ciah nunung pen ahi uh hi. Hi bangin Zogam ah Khristian Pawlpi hong kipan a, 1940 kumin R.C.M. Pawlpi, 1948 ciangin S.D.A. Pawlpi hong tung uh a, tu ciangin Khristian Pawlpi tuamtuam tampi Zogam ah piang hi.
(b) Khristian Khantohna: Zogam ah tui kiphum masa pen Thuam Hang leh Pau Suan hi a, April 4, 1904 ni-in Rev. Carson in tuiphum hi. Missionary-te leh Zomi Khristian masate in haksatna tampi tawh na hong sep ciangun hi bang tuiphum mihing khan’tohna kimu hi:
1915 - 150
1930 - 1,591
1940 - 5,514
1950 - 19,655
1960 - 37,705
1970 - kithei lo
1980 - 69,191
Hih pen Zomi Baptist Convention (ZBC) ciaptehna bangin tuiphum sa teng bek hi a, Pawl huam milip hi lo hi. Tua ciangin ZBC pen Zogam sung bek hi lo Kale Valley, Tamu Valley leh Upper Chindwin sung Zomi Baptist kipawlna ahih manin Zogam sung Baptist Pawlpi ahi lo Khristian Pawlpi dangte tawh kigawm lai leh Zogam bup Khristian pha zah pen kithei pan ding hi.
(c) ZBC Tangthu Tawm: Zogam Khristiante pen tawm lai ahih manin 1905 a kipanin pawlpi khat bangin vai pai lai uh hi. 1948 ciangin Tiddim, Falam leh Haka ci-in Association 3 kisuah uh hi. 1953 ciangin hih Association thum tengin Zomi Baptist Convention ci-in kipawl khopna phuan uh hi. Tu ciangin ZBC pen Association tuamtuam 14 kipawlna hi a, Zogam sung Baptist bek hi loin a kiima Zomi Baptist te zong kipawl uh a, Tiddim, Falam, Haka, Kale Valley, Tamu Valley, Kalemyo, Thantlang, Matu, Tonzang, Kuki, Siyin, Zo, Thado leh Zotung ci-in Pasian nasep khopna hi. Tu-in ZBC pen Burma Baptist Convention sungah Karen zomin Convention thahat pen a nihna ahi hi. ZBC General Secretary masa pen Sia Hau Go hi a, tu laitak a sem pen sia Hrang Tin Khum hi. ZBC in Kawlgam bup BBC sungah pan mun a tuamtuam len ngei a, tu laitak BBC President zong Zomi Sia Tial Dum ahi hi.
Lai Thu
I gen sa bangin Tedim gam panin Pau Cin Hau in lai bawlin Zomite pen lai nei minam khat suak hi. Tua lai pen a tungin laimal 1053 bang hi. Tua pen kipuah phain laimal 37 kisuak sak hi. Hih laimal tawh biakna thu, tangthu leh late kikhumin Tedim gam bek hi loin Manipur gam dong kizang ngei hi. Hih Zolai tawh 1931 kumin British and Foreign Bible Society kici Lai Siangtho Khen Pawlpi in zong Mualtung Thuhilhna teng bu 500 khen ngei uh hi. (Tua Laibu pen India Bible Society in London Bible Society tung panin ngah ding a hanciam laitak hi). Kumpi lam panin Census of India, 1931 Volume XI; Part 1 laimai 194-5 sungah “Pau Cin Hau Script” ci-in kikhum hi. 1917 kuma Zomi French gam paite in hih Zolai zangin inn lamte tawh lai kikhak thei uh hi. Tu-a a kizang Mikang laimal bang loin Zopau pen hih Zolai tawh a awsuah a man lianlianin kigelh thei hi, kici hi. Tangthu a kigen savun tunga kigelh lai, uipi in a nek mang bang hi nawn lo ahih ciangin hih lai pen Zogam in a ngaihsut phat mahmah dingin kilawm hi.
Mikang laimal tawh 1915 Dr. Cope in Mattiu bu Tedim pau-a a khet pen Zogama laibu kibawl masa pen hi. 1932 kumin Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1977 ciangin Lai Siangtho buppi kikhen hi. 1932 kuma kikhen Thuciam Thak bu pen Zogam ah muh ding om nawn lo hi. Burma Bible Society ah bu khat kikhen hi ci-in Sia Kam Khaw Thang in gen a, London University library ah bu khat mah om hi ci-in “Tiddim Chin” kici laibu bawl Prof. Henderson in gen hi.
Haka pau tawh 1920 kumin Lungdamna Thute leh Sawltakte Tangthu a kikhet cil kum hi a, 1940 in Thuciam Thak bu kikhen a, 1933 kumin Lai Siangtho bupi kikhen a, Falam tawh 1933 kumin Lungdamna Thu bute, 1937 kumin Thuciam Thak kikhen a, Lai Siangtho buppi pen a kibawl laitak hi. Zotung leh Ngawn pau tawh zong Lai Siangtho bu nono kibawl hi.
Sang laibu tawh kisai-in Dr. Cope in Tedim, Falam leh Haka pau tawh Class IV dong 1925 in na bawl khin hi. Dr. Cope in missionary ahih hangin Kumpi ah Sang Mang (Inspector-of-Schools - Chin Hills), na sem ahih manin Sang Mang a sem lo missionary te nangawn tu dongin “Sang Mang” kicihlawh hi.
Ni dang lai-in Zogam ah kikawmna haksa-a, khua muhna lah toi ahih ciangin gam khat leh nam khat ahih hangun kampau tuamtuam na piang hi. Tu hun leuleu ciangin kikawmna kiphakna tam, pilna siamna zong khang ahih manin khat leh khat pau leh ham kitheihna zong khang hi.
Minam Min
Tu-a hih lai gelhna sung ah kizang mah bangin Zomi leh Zogam cih pen a tunga kipanin a kizang tawntung hi a, Mikangte leh a pualam mi nam dangte in Chin leh Chin Hills ci-in ciamteh uh hi. Tedim gam pana lal Aizawl gam leh Manipur gam a tung mi pawl khatte i kilawh i kisapna khat Paite kici Zogam gen loh Tedim gamsung mahmah a zong a kizat loh pen mi tam pi-in lamdang sa in a hang kithei nuam ciat kha ding hi. Tua tawh kisai-in Census of India 1931, Vol. XI, Part 1, laimai 184 sungah: gamsung minam ciaptehna sungah Paite cih pen kiphiat hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Zogam Mangpi (Deputy Commissioner of Chin Hills) in a genna ah Paite cih min pen Falam gam mite in Zogam sak lam (Northern Chin Hills) a teeng Zomite pen Thahdo hitaleh Zote hitaleh, Sukte hitaleh mi namte a cihna uh kampau hi a, amau minam min, amau kilawhna min hi lo hi ci hi.
Thukhupna
Zogam tangthu, Pawlpi tangthu leh minam tangthu cih bang a kicinga gelhna laibu omlo a, a om sunte zong Mikangte gelh ahih manin ei theih nop leh deih lam thu tuang kim lo hi. Missionary te hong paina thu a kigelhna laibu thum ka et leh a ni a kha a tuam ciatin kikhum a, Rev. Nelson hong tun ni leh kha a kikhumna om lo hi. Zogam sazian (statistics) a kikan hangin kingah zo lo hi. Zogam lai sim thei en thei (Literacy percentage) ahi zongin, Kawlgam bupa Zomi pha zah ahi zongin a thei om lo hi. I gam i lei sazian thei kei leeng a khang a kiam i hih bangci kitheih ding hiam? Tua ahih manin 1981 gambup kisimna (census) pen lim taka theih sawm ding ahi hi. Mai lam hunah thu a kicing zaw a kan, a gelh hong om pah ding lamen hang. Bang hang hiam cih leh Pasian in a bawl sa na khat peupeuh kep loh don loin a mawkna in nusia ngei lo hi. Leitung leh a bawl sa na khempeuh a uk ding, a keem dingin mihing bawl hi. A bawl sa Eden huan a keem ding a hah ding, a puah dingin mipa koih hi. Tua ahih ciangin minamte Topa ahi Pasian in a bawlsa, a piansak Zomite leh Zogam zong Ama deihna tawh kituakin, Ama vangliatna dingin a keem ding, a cing ding, a zun ding mipa koih peuhmah ding hi. Tua mipa pen nang leh kei hi hang.
(Lungdamna Aw, Lom 5 Hawm 11 leh 12, Nov-Dec. 1980, laimai 1, Lom 6, Hawm 1 January 1981 laimai 1 pan a kiteikhia)
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Monday, August 17, 2009
Zomi icih Kuate Hiam
by, Suanpi
Zomi le Pasian
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna
I. Thupatna
1. Zomi ih cih kua te hiam?
Zomi le Pasian pen akikhen thei lo de facto thu khat ahi hi. Zomite in a om na na uh ah a Pasian’ min lo kei le uh nungta zo lo ding uh a, Pasian biakna lo tawh Zomite om thei lo ding uh hi. Zomite pen nuntakna haksa minamte hi uh a, simlei vannuaiah anuntak zawh nading un a Pasian uh a pummuan ngam minam khat ahi hi. Nidang hun in Khamtung Zogam, Kawlgam le Vaigam mun tuamtuam te ah Zomite suakta takin aom uh hi a, kuama khutnuai ah om ngei lo uh hi. Socio-political system ngeina tuam neih uh a biakna zongh Zo ngeina sungah animism biakna tuam (kuamah tawh kibang lo) nei uh hi. ( Zo khangsimna nei uh a, Zo akici pupi khat i suan le khak te hi in ki um uh hi. Zomi cih pen Zo namte cihnopna hi a, Zo pen mihing min maw, ninam min hi zaw maw cih bel kitel cianlo hi. Zomite’ min pen mal nih, mal thum tawh kiphuakin mal kigawm hamtang a, Khiatna nei hi. Zo cih bek pen mihing min hi loin, minam min, beh min khawng hi zaw le kilawm hi).
Zomite in hausa le ukpi nei uh a, amau le amau aki-uk minamte ahi uh hi. Kumpi cih kammal aneih uh hangin Zo kumpi tatak a om ngeina tangthu sungah kimu ngei lo hi. Pawl khat te in Sengam China ah Chin dynasty khawng, Zou dynasty khawng pen Zo kumpi te hi thei ding aci zong om a, ahita zongh in ahihtheih tatak nading thu om lo zaw hi. Britishte’ khutnuai ah (Kawlgam sungah 1889 kum nungsiah Mikangte’ ukna nuai ah Chin Hills Zogam hong om ta hi—Vum Ko Hau, Profile of a Burma Frontier Man,1963:163-76) hong om tak uh ciangin agam uh pen colonial ki-ukna nuai ah mun tuamtuam in kikhen uh a: Chin Hills, Manipur, Tripura, Arakan, Chittagong Hill Tracts le North Cachar Hills gamke te ahi hi (Khup Za Go, Chronicle, 2008:164-65). Chin minamte ci in midangte in a theih zawk uh, Zomite pianna tatak pen Southeastern Asian minam te lak pan Tibeto-Burmese suan sungah minam neu citawm te hi uh a, India le Kawlgam gamgi dung tengah teng in, a tampen uh leh population mimal 1.5 million bang pha thei ding uh hi. British colonialist gamkeekte’ nungah American missionary te hong tun’ 1899 kum nunglam ciangin angeina upna traditional animistic beliefs te panin Christian upna ah hong kikhel uh hi (Martin Smith, Ethnic Groups of Burma, 1994:36).
Tu hun Kawlgam ah galkap kumpi hun hong tun’ tak ciangin Zomite in Kawlte’ khutnuai Zogam Khamtung bek ah om nawnlo in simlei mun tuamtuam tung kawi kawi khin ta uh a, atun tun na uh ah a Pasian uh bulphuhna le biakna; tua pan in lungdamna thu tangkona ci in a Pasian’ thu genna hanciam nuam hamtang uh hi. Khamangthang veina ci in, Pasian’ gupnathu asangnailo peuhmah “Hell-meikuanggam” tung ding cih lung hihmawhna tawh mi khempeuh kiangah akua akua peuhin gupna thu tang gen sawm den uh hi. Tua in tu hun Zomite’ pianzia icon lim khat hi ci leeng ki khiallo ding hi.
Tua ahihleh, Zomi ih cih te kua te hi a, a Pasian uh pen kua ahi tam? A Pasian uh pen Christian missionary sangmangte’ hong puak hong ken’ Christian God pen mah maw? Ahih kei a le amau’ tanglai ngeina animism sung a, a up uh Pasian pen mah hiam? Tua hi leh Pasian pen bang acihnopna ahitam? Pasian cih min pen asiangtho Pa cihnopna ahihleh Nusian cih bang khawng aom thei diam? Missionary sangmangte in bang hang in amau’ Christian God pen Zomite’ Pasian tawh akibang in lek- transliterate ahi tam? Tua hun laitak in Zomite in a Pasian uh bia thei khin ta ahi maw le? Zinmang khawng, Zinleeng khwng, Khuazing khawng te hi zaw lo maw le, abiak uh? Pasian pen Pau Cin Hau in Laipian biakna hong kipat tak teh Zomite in abiak kipan pan hi lo ahia le? Tua hi leh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le missionary sangmangte’ Pasian pen akibang mah maw? Pau Cin Hau’ kalsuanna movement le Christianity koi ci kizop thei ahi tam?...etc. etc., cih thu te tu hun Zomite in angaihsun kha ding uh hiam?
2. Zomite’ Pasian koi pan hong piang khia ahitam?
(Zom lai ni e maw...!)
Zomite tawh,
Suanpi
Zomi le Pasian
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna
I. Thupatna
1. Zomi ih cih kua te hiam?
Zomi le Pasian pen akikhen thei lo de facto thu khat ahi hi. Zomite in a om na na uh ah a Pasian’ min lo kei le uh nungta zo lo ding uh a, Pasian biakna lo tawh Zomite om thei lo ding uh hi. Zomite pen nuntakna haksa minamte hi uh a, simlei vannuaiah anuntak zawh nading un a Pasian uh a pummuan ngam minam khat ahi hi. Nidang hun in Khamtung Zogam, Kawlgam le Vaigam mun tuamtuam te ah Zomite suakta takin aom uh hi a, kuama khutnuai ah om ngei lo uh hi. Socio-political system ngeina tuam neih uh a biakna zongh Zo ngeina sungah animism biakna tuam (kuamah tawh kibang lo) nei uh hi. ( Zo khangsimna nei uh a, Zo akici pupi khat i suan le khak te hi in ki um uh hi. Zomi cih pen Zo namte cihnopna hi a, Zo pen mihing min maw, ninam min hi zaw maw cih bel kitel cianlo hi. Zomite’ min pen mal nih, mal thum tawh kiphuakin mal kigawm hamtang a, Khiatna nei hi. Zo cih bek pen mihing min hi loin, minam min, beh min khawng hi zaw le kilawm hi).
Zomite in hausa le ukpi nei uh a, amau le amau aki-uk minamte ahi uh hi. Kumpi cih kammal aneih uh hangin Zo kumpi tatak a om ngeina tangthu sungah kimu ngei lo hi. Pawl khat te in Sengam China ah Chin dynasty khawng, Zou dynasty khawng pen Zo kumpi te hi thei ding aci zong om a, ahita zongh in ahihtheih tatak nading thu om lo zaw hi. Britishte’ khutnuai ah (Kawlgam sungah 1889 kum nungsiah Mikangte’ ukna nuai ah Chin Hills Zogam hong om ta hi—Vum Ko Hau, Profile of a Burma Frontier Man,1963:163-76) hong om tak uh ciangin agam uh pen colonial ki-ukna nuai ah mun tuamtuam in kikhen uh a: Chin Hills, Manipur, Tripura, Arakan, Chittagong Hill Tracts le North Cachar Hills gamke te ahi hi (Khup Za Go, Chronicle, 2008:164-65). Chin minamte ci in midangte in a theih zawk uh, Zomite pianna tatak pen Southeastern Asian minam te lak pan Tibeto-Burmese suan sungah minam neu citawm te hi uh a, India le Kawlgam gamgi dung tengah teng in, a tampen uh leh population mimal 1.5 million bang pha thei ding uh hi. British colonialist gamkeekte’ nungah American missionary te hong tun’ 1899 kum nunglam ciangin angeina upna traditional animistic beliefs te panin Christian upna ah hong kikhel uh hi (Martin Smith, Ethnic Groups of Burma, 1994:36).
Tu hun Kawlgam ah galkap kumpi hun hong tun’ tak ciangin Zomite in Kawlte’ khutnuai Zogam Khamtung bek ah om nawnlo in simlei mun tuamtuam tung kawi kawi khin ta uh a, atun tun na uh ah a Pasian uh bulphuhna le biakna; tua pan in lungdamna thu tangkona ci in a Pasian’ thu genna hanciam nuam hamtang uh hi. Khamangthang veina ci in, Pasian’ gupnathu asangnailo peuhmah “Hell-meikuanggam” tung ding cih lung hihmawhna tawh mi khempeuh kiangah akua akua peuhin gupna thu tang gen sawm den uh hi. Tua in tu hun Zomite’ pianzia icon lim khat hi ci leeng ki khiallo ding hi.
Tua ahihleh, Zomi ih cih te kua te hi a, a Pasian uh pen kua ahi tam? A Pasian uh pen Christian missionary sangmangte’ hong puak hong ken’ Christian God pen mah maw? Ahih kei a le amau’ tanglai ngeina animism sung a, a up uh Pasian pen mah hiam? Tua hi leh Pasian pen bang acihnopna ahitam? Pasian cih min pen asiangtho Pa cihnopna ahihleh Nusian cih bang khawng aom thei diam? Missionary sangmangte in bang hang in amau’ Christian God pen Zomite’ Pasian tawh akibang in lek- transliterate ahi tam? Tua hun laitak in Zomite in a Pasian uh bia thei khin ta ahi maw le? Zinmang khawng, Zinleeng khwng, Khuazing khawng te hi zaw lo maw le, abiak uh? Pasian pen Pau Cin Hau in Laipian biakna hong kipat tak teh Zomite in abiak kipan pan hi lo ahia le? Tua hi leh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le missionary sangmangte’ Pasian pen akibang mah maw? Pau Cin Hau’ kalsuanna movement le Christianity koi ci kizop thei ahi tam?...etc. etc., cih thu te tu hun Zomite in angaihsun kha ding uh hiam?
2. Zomite’ Pasian koi pan hong piang khia ahitam?
(Zom lai ni e maw...!)
Zomite tawh,
Suanpi
Zomi le Pasian-I
by; Cope Suan Pau
Zomi le Pasian
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna
I. Thupatna
2. Zomite’ Pasian koi pan hong piang khia ahitam?
Zomite’ Pasian pen Christian missionary sangmangte’ hong puak hong ken’ Christian God Deus pen mah maw? (European Christian God pen Deus kici a, Jesuit te in tua min zang phadeuh uh hi).Ahih kei a le amau’ tanglai ngeina animism sung a, a up uh tanglai Pasian pen hi zaw hiam? Tua ahih leh Zomite’ tangthu mythology sung a Pasian pen bang acihnopna ahitam? Pasian cih min pen asiangtho Pa cihnopna ahihleh Nusian cih bang khawng aom thei diam? (Nusian cih pen ciamnuihna hi loin Greco-Roman te’ goddess te pawl cihnopna hi.) Missionary sangmangte in bang hang in amau’ Christian God pen Zomite’ Pasian tawh akibang in lek- transliterate ahi tam? Tua hun laitak in Zomite in a Pasian uh bia thei khin ta ahi maw le? Zinmang khawng, Zinleeng khwng, Khuazing khawng te hi zaw lo maw le, abiak uh? Pasian pen Pau Cin Hau in Laipian biakna hong kipat tak teh Zomite in abiak kipan pan hi lo ahia le? Tua hi leh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le missionary sangmangte’ Pasian pen akibang mah maw? Pau Cin Hau’ kalsuanna movement le Christianity koi ci kizop thei ahi tam?
a. Zomite’ Mythology sungah Pasian vs Zinmang
Zomite ih cih ciangin Chins or Chin People[s] Zo minam tuamtuam te khempeuh ih huamsak ding hi. Tua hi a, Zo minam tuamtuam te Zos or Zo Peoples te in tanglai ngeina sungah biakna koici neih uh cih tawm ih kikum masa ding hi. Zo suan mite pen segmented minamke tuamtuam in kikhen uh a: Zomi, Mizo, Laizo, Laimi, Yaw, Asho, Cho, Sho, Khxou, Chaw, Masho, etc., cih bang dan te ahi hi. Hih Zo minamke tuamtuamte in amau le amau akiciaptehna identification om sa bang bekmah deih uh a, midangte’n amau mindang tawh asap atheih ding uh pen ut hetlo uh hi (Vumson, Zo History, 1986:2). Midangte’n amau pen Chin te ci in thei bek uh a, Kawl pau in bawm, seeng cihnopna ahi hi. Bawm pua te, seeng pua te cihnopna hi.
Alamdang penpen khat ah tua Chin or Zo minamke khempeuh in tuma kum 100 lai khawng panin Christianity sungah biakna hong laih uh a, Christian God pen tanglai upna sungah aneih sa uh de facto Supreme Being ahi “Pathian/Pasian” tawh hong sang thei kim uh hi. Zomi, Mizo, Laimi, Asho, etc., minamke khempeuh in Christianity sungah Pasian hong bia ta uh hi. Tua ahih leh Zo nam tuamtuamte’ Pasian/ Pathian pen kua hi ding hiam? Pa cih ciangin father cihnopna le pa male cihna hi khawm thei a, siang or thiang cih ciangin holy, clean, siangtho cihnopna hipah lel hi. Tua hi a, Pasian/Pathian cih ciangin Siangtho Pa, Siang pen Pa cihnopna hipah lel ding hi. Zo vernacular language tuamtuam sungah khiatna dang nei thei tuan nawn lo ding hi. Ahihhangin Zo minamke tuamtuam te in tanglai ngeina lui sungah Pasian/Pathian abiakna uh kimu ngei lo zel se se hi. Tua sangin abiak uh pen Zinmang, le Khuazing cih te a hi hi. Tua te pen bang/ kua ahi tam? Bang hangin Pasian bia lo ngeitak uh ahi tam? Zinmang, Zinleeng le Khuazing pen akibang hi lel ngel ding hi. Zin cih pen Zing hi a, khuazing cihna mah hi. Khuazing ii alangkhat pen khuavak hi a, Zinmang, Zinleeng cih pen Pasian khuavak langkhat ah khuazing vangliatna hi ding hi. Tua te pen Zo minam tuamtuam te’n biak cihtakin na bia mawk uh hi.
b. Zomite’ Ngeina sungah Upna
Chin ci a midangte’n atheih zawk uh Zo minamte in Pasian cih Supreme Being vanglian pen pa khat upna nei napi uh in, biakpiakna tatak nei ngei lo uh a, biakpiakna pen Zinmang/ Khuazing kiangah launa, ciliapna lianpi tawh bia mawk uh hi. Tua hi in Zinmang/Khuazing pen Zo minamte adingin “Personal God” hong suak ding hi. Nisim nuntakna, gal le sa, lo kho’h singpuakna, etc., te ah Pasian sangin Zinmang/Khuazing pen practical takin biakbawl zaw uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Zinmang/Khuazing in siatna tuamtuan, dawi le kau bawlsiatna te pan in hong gum thei cih upna nei uh hi. Siampite makaihna tawh Zinmang/Khuazing abiak uh banah, dawi le kau tuamtuam te zongh na thoih tawntung zel uh a, dawi thoih ki ci hi (dawi bia ki ci lo zaw hi). Tua hi a, Pasian/Pathian pen Zo minamte adingin Universal God hong suak dinga, Zinmang/Khuazing pen Personal/Regional God hong hi mawk ding hi. Tua ahih leh American missionary sangmangte hong tun’ lai in banghangin Christian God pen Zo minamte biak Zinmang/Khuazing tawh hong lek—transliterate lo a, Zo minamte biak tatak ngei lo ahi Pasian/Pathian tawh hong lekkhia zaw ahi tam?
Zomi le Pasian
Ngeina le Biakna Atomno Etkakna
I. Thupatna
2. Zomite’ Pasian koi pan hong piang khia ahitam?
Zomite’ Pasian pen Christian missionary sangmangte’ hong puak hong ken’ Christian God Deus pen mah maw? (European Christian God pen Deus kici a, Jesuit te in tua min zang phadeuh uh hi).Ahih kei a le amau’ tanglai ngeina animism sung a, a up uh tanglai Pasian pen hi zaw hiam? Tua ahih leh Zomite’ tangthu mythology sung a Pasian pen bang acihnopna ahitam? Pasian cih min pen asiangtho Pa cihnopna ahihleh Nusian cih bang khawng aom thei diam? (Nusian cih pen ciamnuihna hi loin Greco-Roman te’ goddess te pawl cihnopna hi.) Missionary sangmangte in bang hang in amau’ Christian God pen Zomite’ Pasian tawh akibang in lek- transliterate ahi tam? Tua hun laitak in Zomite in a Pasian uh bia thei khin ta ahi maw le? Zinmang khawng, Zinleeng khwng, Khuazing khawng te hi zaw lo maw le, abiak uh? Pasian pen Pau Cin Hau in Laipian biakna hong kipat tak teh Zomite in abiak kipan pan hi lo ahia le? Tua hi leh Pau Cin Hau’ Pasian le missionary sangmangte’ Pasian pen akibang mah maw? Pau Cin Hau’ kalsuanna movement le Christianity koi ci kizop thei ahi tam?
a. Zomite’ Mythology sungah Pasian vs Zinmang
Zomite ih cih ciangin Chins or Chin People[s] Zo minam tuamtuam te khempeuh ih huamsak ding hi. Tua hi a, Zo minam tuamtuam te Zos or Zo Peoples te in tanglai ngeina sungah biakna koici neih uh cih tawm ih kikum masa ding hi. Zo suan mite pen segmented minamke tuamtuam in kikhen uh a: Zomi, Mizo, Laizo, Laimi, Yaw, Asho, Cho, Sho, Khxou, Chaw, Masho, etc., cih bang dan te ahi hi. Hih Zo minamke tuamtuamte in amau le amau akiciaptehna identification om sa bang bekmah deih uh a, midangte’n amau mindang tawh asap atheih ding uh pen ut hetlo uh hi (Vumson, Zo History, 1986:2). Midangte’n amau pen Chin te ci in thei bek uh a, Kawl pau in bawm, seeng cihnopna ahi hi. Bawm pua te, seeng pua te cihnopna hi.
Alamdang penpen khat ah tua Chin or Zo minamke khempeuh in tuma kum 100 lai khawng panin Christianity sungah biakna hong laih uh a, Christian God pen tanglai upna sungah aneih sa uh de facto Supreme Being ahi “Pathian/Pasian” tawh hong sang thei kim uh hi. Zomi, Mizo, Laimi, Asho, etc., minamke khempeuh in Christianity sungah Pasian hong bia ta uh hi. Tua ahih leh Zo nam tuamtuamte’ Pasian/ Pathian pen kua hi ding hiam? Pa cih ciangin father cihnopna le pa male cihna hi khawm thei a, siang or thiang cih ciangin holy, clean, siangtho cihnopna hipah lel hi. Tua hi a, Pasian/Pathian cih ciangin Siangtho Pa, Siang pen Pa cihnopna hipah lel ding hi. Zo vernacular language tuamtuam sungah khiatna dang nei thei tuan nawn lo ding hi. Ahihhangin Zo minamke tuamtuam te in tanglai ngeina lui sungah Pasian/Pathian abiakna uh kimu ngei lo zel se se hi. Tua sangin abiak uh pen Zinmang, le Khuazing cih te a hi hi. Tua te pen bang/ kua ahi tam? Bang hangin Pasian bia lo ngeitak uh ahi tam? Zinmang, Zinleeng le Khuazing pen akibang hi lel ngel ding hi. Zin cih pen Zing hi a, khuazing cihna mah hi. Khuazing ii alangkhat pen khuavak hi a, Zinmang, Zinleeng cih pen Pasian khuavak langkhat ah khuazing vangliatna hi ding hi. Tua te pen Zo minam tuamtuam te’n biak cihtakin na bia mawk uh hi.
b. Zomite’ Ngeina sungah Upna
Chin ci a midangte’n atheih zawk uh Zo minamte in Pasian cih Supreme Being vanglian pen pa khat upna nei napi uh in, biakpiakna tatak nei ngei lo uh a, biakpiakna pen Zinmang/ Khuazing kiangah launa, ciliapna lianpi tawh bia mawk uh hi. Tua hi in Zinmang/Khuazing pen Zo minamte adingin “Personal God” hong suak ding hi. Nisim nuntakna, gal le sa, lo kho’h singpuakna, etc., te ah Pasian sangin Zinmang/Khuazing pen practical takin biakbawl zaw uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh, Zinmang/Khuazing in siatna tuamtuan, dawi le kau bawlsiatna te pan in hong gum thei cih upna nei uh hi. Siampite makaihna tawh Zinmang/Khuazing abiak uh banah, dawi le kau tuamtuam te zongh na thoih tawntung zel uh a, dawi thoih ki ci hi (dawi bia ki ci lo zaw hi). Tua hi a, Pasian/Pathian pen Zo minamte adingin Universal God hong suak dinga, Zinmang/Khuazing pen Personal/Regional God hong hi mawk ding hi. Tua ahih leh American missionary sangmangte hong tun’ lai in banghangin Christian God pen Zo minamte biak Zinmang/Khuazing tawh hong lek—transliterate lo a, Zo minamte biak tatak ngei lo ahi Pasian/Pathian tawh hong lekkhia zaw ahi tam?
Wednesday, August 12, 2009
Zolai, J.H. Cope
Sia Gin Sian Pau
Cope 98 Celebration, October - November, 2008, Tedim
1. Zomite’ Lai Neih Masakna: Khangluite in “Zomite in nidang hun sawtpi lai pekin lai kinei ngei khin hi” ci-in gen uhhi. Tua lai pen savun tungah a kigelh hi a, Go Cin in tua savunlai nisa ah a pho leh ui-in na neksak hi. Tua a kipan Zomite in lai a kinei nawnlo hi ci-in gen uhhi.
2. Lim Kisuai Lai Zatna: Zomite’ savunlai ui-in a neksak khit a kipan 1900 ciangdong Zomite lai neilo in na om uhhi. Suangpeek tung peuh leh singpeek tung peuhah lim suai-in, tua pen lai in na zangh uhhi. Mualsuang gelhna in na zangh phadeuh uhhi. Lai a kikhak uh ciangun suangbek tung, singbek tungah limsuai in tua tawh na kithuza uhhi.
3. Pau Cin Hau’ Lai Zatna: Pu Pau Cin Hau in 1888-1902 sungteng pumpi damlo in a om sungin mangmu a, tua a mangmuhna sungah Pasian in laimal (1050) lak hi. Tua panin “Pau Cin Hau’ lai” cih hong piangkhia hi. Laithak mukhia ahih manin ama’ min “Laipianpa” na ci uhhi. Tua laimalte laidal tung leh suangpeek tungah gelhin, midangte hilhsawn ahih manin mitampi in na thei uh a, tawlkhat sung ding na kizangh hi. Sen laitawh kibangin a awsuah zui in laimal om hi a, mal 1050 pha-in, a bu in bu (6) na pha hi. Nidangin tua lai bek na kizangh a, Piantit pai hun lai bangin lai a kikhak uh teh Pau Cin Hau’ lai tawh na kikhak uhhi. J.H. Cope mahmah in zong 1930 kum in Matthew Lai Siangtho sung a mualtung thuhilhna teng Pau Cin Hau’ lai in na khen khia hi. Hih Pau Cin Hau’ lai zong a manthan loh nadingin kep huai mahmah hi.
4. Kawllai Zatna: Sangmang A.E. Carson in Zogam ah na hong sep ciangin lai lo tawh maa kitelh zolo ding cih mukhol a hih manin Kawllai hilh dingin Karen Siate pawlkhat hong tonpih hi. Sia San Win in 1900 kumin Hakha khua ah Kawllai sang khat na hong hi. Sia Po Ku in 1902 kum in Tedim ah Kawllai sang khat mah na hong a, sangnaupang ding mi a kingah zawhloh teh 1904 kum in khawl kik hi. Sia Shwe Zan in zong 1904 kum in Khuasak khua ah Kawllai sang khat mah na hong hi. Kum khat a cin ciangin Sihzangte in zumlai en theita uh, cih thu ukpipa Pu Hau Cin Khup in a zak ciangin ama’ khua Tonzang ah zong Kawllai sang hon ding hong vaihawm a, Ukpipa Pu Hau Cin Khup’ sapna tawh Sia Po Ku in 1905 kumin Tonzang ah Kawllai sang khat na hong leuleu hi. A kipat tungin sangnaupang 40 pha a, kum bei kuan ciangin 70 bang na phato hi. Kawllai a hilh kawmin Pasian’ thu tawh zong na pantah kawm hi. Tua hang mahin tua hun lai-in Zomite sungah Kawllai thei tampi leh Khristian pawlkhat na om a, tua hun lai–a kigelh mualsuangte bang Kawllai vive tawh na kigelh ahihna tuni dongin kimu thei lai hi.
5. Zolai Neihna: 1910 kumin J.H. Cope Tedim hong tung a, hong tun khit a sawt lo-in Roman Alphabet ABC panin Zolai hong bawlsak hi. J.H. Cope hong tun ciangin Zolai a kinei pan ahi hi. 1913 kumin”Tual Laisintawmna bu” cih laibu khat hong bawlsak a, tua pen Zolai a kigelhcilna na hipah hi. 1914 kum in “Tedim Labu” a masapen hng bawlsak a, ama’ sih 1938 kum dong 3 vei na bawl man hi. 1919 October kha in Zolai tawh laihawm masapen “Tedim Thukizakna Lai” hong hawmkhia a, J.H. Cope in editor sem hi. Tua laihawm sungah “Tedim mite laisim thei tampen ahih manin Tedim pau in kibawl hi”, ci in na gelh hi. Tua bangin biakna sungah Lia Siangtho leh labute simtheih nadingin ABC laimalte zanghin hong hilh ciangin theihnop kisa mahmah aa mite lawp thei mahmah uhhi. Tua lai-in “Zolai” kici nailo-in “Mang Tuallai” kici phot hi. Manglaimal pen i Tuallai hong suak a cihnopna ahi hi.
J. H. Cope in Yangon zumpi ah Zogam sunga sangte ah Zolai sintheih nading phalna a nget leh na ngah takpi hi. 1924 kum ciangin Tanbul (Primary) sang khempeuh ah Zolai tawh sin sak ding kithukim hi. 1925 kum panin Zolai sang (Vernacular School) kihong a, tan khat pan tanli dong kisin hi. 1919 kumin Laisimbu khatna kikhen a, 1920 kum teh bu nihna, leh 1928 kum ciangin bu thumna leh bu lina cih bangin kikhen toto hi. 1926 kum in sangte ah sin dingin Zolai tawh leitung thu leh Gamthu (Geography) hong bawlsak a, 1927 kum leh 1931 kum teh tua laibute mah hong puahphat sak kik hi.
Biakna sunga zat dingin biakna laibu, Lai Siangtho bu, Labu cihte hong bawlsak banah sangah sin dingin Gamthu bu (Geography), Nate’ thubu (Science) leh Ganan (Arithmetic) leh Laisimbu tuamtuamte zong hong bawlsak lai hi. J.H. Cope in kumpi’ sawlna tawh Tedim, Falam, Hakha pau tawh a bawl laisimbu (35) pha , kumpi in zong “Kaisar I Hind” cih pahtawina pia hi. Zogam khanglam Mindat, Kanpetlet lamte’ ading a bawlsan laitak in hong sihsan hi.
Zanggam a teeng i Zomipih Asho Zomite in J.H. Cope in Zolai hong bawlsakna thu a zak uh ciangin Magwe Menzipa kiangah “Ko zong Roman alphabet ABC laimal mah ka zattheih nadingun hong vaihawm sak in,” ci in na ngen uhhi. tua ciangin Magwe Menzipa in, “Hih na sanggamte uh pen India leh Kawlgam kikal ah amau teng a lomteen uh ahih manin ahi ding mah hi. Ahi zongin no pen Zogam a teeng na u na naute uh tawh na kikawm nading uh haksa a, Kawlte’ lakah a teeng nahih manun Kawllai mah zangh zaw le uh cin hoih zaw ding hi,” ci-in na dawng kik ahih manin a lungkimlohna uh 1927 ‘Myammar Thaman’ sungah hong suak ngei hi.
6. J.H. Cope in A Laigelhna ah Tedim Pau A Zatsena Thu: J.H.Cope Zogam hong tun ciangin Pu Pau Suan leh Pu Thuam Hang-te Khristian masa nahi uh ahih manin amau tawh na kithuah khawm pah a, Sihzang pau na sin pahin, a sawt lo-in na siampah hi. Zolai a gelh masakte zong Sihzang pau in na gelh hi. Laibu hong bawl taktak ding ciangin Tedim gam sunga pau nam tampi a omte sung pan bang pau zangh leng tangzai pen ding cihna lungngai kha hi. Tua ahih manin 1919 kum in”siahkaai hausa teng kaikhawm in Tedim khua paangpi nuai ah thu kikupna khat na bawl hi. Tua thu kikupna ah J.H. Cope in Hat Lian Bu (Jack The Giant Killer) kici Sihzang pau tawh a kigelh, laigelhloh dal 20 bang a pha ding laikhetna tawh a kikhen tangthu khat hong simkhia hi. Tua pen kuamah in tello ahih manin “Tua ahih leh bang pau –a bawl ding ihi hiam?’ ci-in a dot ciangin a kihel hausate khempeuh in “Tedim pau mahin kibawl leh kitheikim pen ding hi” ci-in thukimna hong nei uhhi.
Tua hun a kipan Cope topa in Tedim kampau tawh thukizakna hong suakkhia sak a, biakna laite leh laisimbu a bawl khempeuh zong Tedim kampau vive tawh hong bawl ahi hi.
7. Zolai Neih Manin Hamphatnate: Zolai i neih manin hamphat ziate lungngai pha kik le’ng a masa penin sangmangpa J.H. Cope in Mikangte zat Roman Alphabet ABC panin Zolai hong bawlsak khak laizang pen ei nget leh ei kut zong hipeuhmah lo , mailam hun suapi a mukhol leh a geel khol Pasian mahmah in ei Zomite hong angvan ngiatna leh ei adingin a hoih penpen mah hong geelsak ahihna kimu thei hi. ABC laimalte i zat khak manin ei adingin laikhetna a tuam bawlkul nawn seselo hi. Mikangte ading a kibawl siktawlai, lainetna (Press) leh Computer cihte tawh Zolai deih bangin i khen ziahziah thei hi. Zolai zangh in e-mail tawh leimong dongah hun tomno sungin thu i kiza ziauziau thei lel hi. Zolai tawh zonet panin a kitawng nangwn ki-om ta hi. I Zolai pen leitung bup dongah kizangh thei hi. Tua ahih manin i Zolai neumuh kha peuhmah kei ni. Kawllai tawh hihte kizangh theilo ahih manin Kawlte bangin hong eng thei mahmah uhhi. Hih pen J.H Cope hangin i ngah hamphatna lianpi khat ahi hi. Sangmangpa J.H. Cope in tawm vei sung Pu Pau Cin Hau’ lai na zangh man a, a zenzen in na zanghsuak bang hileh ei adingin siktawlai, lainetna, computer, leh e-mail cihte a kimanna omlo ding a, kizangh theilo ding hi.
A thu nihna ah ABC laimal i zatkhak manin Mikang lai leh Mikangpau tawh i kinai tuama, i maingap tuam pah hi. Mi namdangte sangin Mikang lai i kiva zaw deuhpah a, mikangpau zong siambaih zaw pahin mikang laa khawng zong saknuam i sa zawdeuh pah hi. Hun khat lai bangin Zomite Mikanglai siam ci-in hong kiciamteh ngei hi.
A thu thumna ah Pasian in Zolai thupha hong piakzia zong a lamdangpi khat mah ahi hi. Tuhun ciangin Topa’ thupha tawh Zomi sungah laisiam tampi mah ki-omta aa, amaute in leitung bup a laibu hoih minthang tampite ei lai in hong letkhia uh ahih manin Mikanglai leh Kawllai a siam lo, Zolai bek a thei tampite in kiphattuam pih mahmah hi. Tua tham lo-in tuhun ciangin Zolai tawh a kisin Lai Siangtho sang khawng zong hong omta aa, hih zong Pasian’ thupha taktak ahi hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Lai Siangtho sang a kah Zomi tampite in a thu kibuaipih lo in a Mikanglai vive kibuipih za hi. Pawlkhat bangin pum lotngah pong lel uh a, ahi zongin a thu tel khollo lel uhhi. Tu in Zolai tawh kisin ta ahih manin a thu lah tel in, zong kizangh thei pah lai hi. Hih zong J.H. Cope hangin i ngah hamphatna lianpi khat mah ahi hi.
A thu lina ah Pasian’ nasepna ah lai lo tawh maa kitelh theilo a zong gahsuah zo taktak lo hi. Zolai i neih khak manin Zogam sungah Khristian khang tuam a, pawlpi zong thahat tuam hi. Zolai in i khamit hong honsak, hong pilsak, i khuamuhna hong tangzaisak, i upna hong khosak hi.
8. I Zolai Kepsiam Ni: Topa Pasian in J.H Cope tungtawn in hong piak i Zolai i kepsiam mahmah ding kisam hi. Kepsiam ding i cih ciangin koihcing ding cihna hilo a, a manthanloh nadingin zanghzangh ding cihna ahi hi. Kum 2000 pawl a kipanin kumpi in Zogam sung sangte ah Zolai hong sinsak nawnlo mah ahih manin khangthakte in Zolai kithei nawnlo tamawk a, dahhuai mahmah hi. Zomi hi napi Zolai theilo cihbang pianglo hi. Zomi ihih nak leh Zolai i theihkul hi. I Theih nadingin i sin kul hi. Sangte ah lah kisin nawnlo tamawk ahih manin biakna lampan hanciamin Zolai sinna neihzelzel ding kisam theikha ding hi.
(Cope 98 Celebration, Nov.1, 2008 ni-in Nitak kikkhopna sungah GSPau in a simkhiat laipi ahi hi.)
Cope 98 Celebration, October - November, 2008, Tedim
1. Zomite’ Lai Neih Masakna: Khangluite in “Zomite in nidang hun sawtpi lai pekin lai kinei ngei khin hi” ci-in gen uhhi. Tua lai pen savun tungah a kigelh hi a, Go Cin in tua savunlai nisa ah a pho leh ui-in na neksak hi. Tua a kipan Zomite in lai a kinei nawnlo hi ci-in gen uhhi.
2. Lim Kisuai Lai Zatna: Zomite’ savunlai ui-in a neksak khit a kipan 1900 ciangdong Zomite lai neilo in na om uhhi. Suangpeek tung peuh leh singpeek tung peuhah lim suai-in, tua pen lai in na zangh uhhi. Mualsuang gelhna in na zangh phadeuh uhhi. Lai a kikhak uh ciangun suangbek tung, singbek tungah limsuai in tua tawh na kithuza uhhi.
3. Pau Cin Hau’ Lai Zatna: Pu Pau Cin Hau in 1888-1902 sungteng pumpi damlo in a om sungin mangmu a, tua a mangmuhna sungah Pasian in laimal (1050) lak hi. Tua panin “Pau Cin Hau’ lai” cih hong piangkhia hi. Laithak mukhia ahih manin ama’ min “Laipianpa” na ci uhhi. Tua laimalte laidal tung leh suangpeek tungah gelhin, midangte hilhsawn ahih manin mitampi in na thei uh a, tawlkhat sung ding na kizangh hi. Sen laitawh kibangin a awsuah zui in laimal om hi a, mal 1050 pha-in, a bu in bu (6) na pha hi. Nidangin tua lai bek na kizangh a, Piantit pai hun lai bangin lai a kikhak uh teh Pau Cin Hau’ lai tawh na kikhak uhhi. J.H. Cope mahmah in zong 1930 kum in Matthew Lai Siangtho sung a mualtung thuhilhna teng Pau Cin Hau’ lai in na khen khia hi. Hih Pau Cin Hau’ lai zong a manthan loh nadingin kep huai mahmah hi.
4. Kawllai Zatna: Sangmang A.E. Carson in Zogam ah na hong sep ciangin lai lo tawh maa kitelh zolo ding cih mukhol a hih manin Kawllai hilh dingin Karen Siate pawlkhat hong tonpih hi. Sia San Win in 1900 kumin Hakha khua ah Kawllai sang khat na hong hi. Sia Po Ku in 1902 kum in Tedim ah Kawllai sang khat mah na hong a, sangnaupang ding mi a kingah zawhloh teh 1904 kum in khawl kik hi. Sia Shwe Zan in zong 1904 kum in Khuasak khua ah Kawllai sang khat mah na hong hi. Kum khat a cin ciangin Sihzangte in zumlai en theita uh, cih thu ukpipa Pu Hau Cin Khup in a zak ciangin ama’ khua Tonzang ah zong Kawllai sang hon ding hong vaihawm a, Ukpipa Pu Hau Cin Khup’ sapna tawh Sia Po Ku in 1905 kumin Tonzang ah Kawllai sang khat na hong leuleu hi. A kipat tungin sangnaupang 40 pha a, kum bei kuan ciangin 70 bang na phato hi. Kawllai a hilh kawmin Pasian’ thu tawh zong na pantah kawm hi. Tua hang mahin tua hun lai-in Zomite sungah Kawllai thei tampi leh Khristian pawlkhat na om a, tua hun lai–a kigelh mualsuangte bang Kawllai vive tawh na kigelh ahihna tuni dongin kimu thei lai hi.
5. Zolai Neihna: 1910 kumin J.H. Cope Tedim hong tung a, hong tun khit a sawt lo-in Roman Alphabet ABC panin Zolai hong bawlsak hi. J.H. Cope hong tun ciangin Zolai a kinei pan ahi hi. 1913 kumin”Tual Laisintawmna bu” cih laibu khat hong bawlsak a, tua pen Zolai a kigelhcilna na hipah hi. 1914 kum in “Tedim Labu” a masapen hng bawlsak a, ama’ sih 1938 kum dong 3 vei na bawl man hi. 1919 October kha in Zolai tawh laihawm masapen “Tedim Thukizakna Lai” hong hawmkhia a, J.H. Cope in editor sem hi. Tua laihawm sungah “Tedim mite laisim thei tampen ahih manin Tedim pau in kibawl hi”, ci in na gelh hi. Tua bangin biakna sungah Lia Siangtho leh labute simtheih nadingin ABC laimalte zanghin hong hilh ciangin theihnop kisa mahmah aa mite lawp thei mahmah uhhi. Tua lai-in “Zolai” kici nailo-in “Mang Tuallai” kici phot hi. Manglaimal pen i Tuallai hong suak a cihnopna ahi hi.
J. H. Cope in Yangon zumpi ah Zogam sunga sangte ah Zolai sintheih nading phalna a nget leh na ngah takpi hi. 1924 kum ciangin Tanbul (Primary) sang khempeuh ah Zolai tawh sin sak ding kithukim hi. 1925 kum panin Zolai sang (Vernacular School) kihong a, tan khat pan tanli dong kisin hi. 1919 kumin Laisimbu khatna kikhen a, 1920 kum teh bu nihna, leh 1928 kum ciangin bu thumna leh bu lina cih bangin kikhen toto hi. 1926 kum in sangte ah sin dingin Zolai tawh leitung thu leh Gamthu (Geography) hong bawlsak a, 1927 kum leh 1931 kum teh tua laibute mah hong puahphat sak kik hi.
Biakna sunga zat dingin biakna laibu, Lai Siangtho bu, Labu cihte hong bawlsak banah sangah sin dingin Gamthu bu (Geography), Nate’ thubu (Science) leh Ganan (Arithmetic) leh Laisimbu tuamtuamte zong hong bawlsak lai hi. J.H. Cope in kumpi’ sawlna tawh Tedim, Falam, Hakha pau tawh a bawl laisimbu (35) pha , kumpi in zong “Kaisar I Hind” cih pahtawina pia hi. Zogam khanglam Mindat, Kanpetlet lamte’ ading a bawlsan laitak in hong sihsan hi.
Zanggam a teeng i Zomipih Asho Zomite in J.H. Cope in Zolai hong bawlsakna thu a zak uh ciangin Magwe Menzipa kiangah “Ko zong Roman alphabet ABC laimal mah ka zattheih nadingun hong vaihawm sak in,” ci in na ngen uhhi. tua ciangin Magwe Menzipa in, “Hih na sanggamte uh pen India leh Kawlgam kikal ah amau teng a lomteen uh ahih manin ahi ding mah hi. Ahi zongin no pen Zogam a teeng na u na naute uh tawh na kikawm nading uh haksa a, Kawlte’ lakah a teeng nahih manun Kawllai mah zangh zaw le uh cin hoih zaw ding hi,” ci-in na dawng kik ahih manin a lungkimlohna uh 1927 ‘Myammar Thaman’ sungah hong suak ngei hi.
6. J.H. Cope in A Laigelhna ah Tedim Pau A Zatsena Thu: J.H.Cope Zogam hong tun ciangin Pu Pau Suan leh Pu Thuam Hang-te Khristian masa nahi uh ahih manin amau tawh na kithuah khawm pah a, Sihzang pau na sin pahin, a sawt lo-in na siampah hi. Zolai a gelh masakte zong Sihzang pau in na gelh hi. Laibu hong bawl taktak ding ciangin Tedim gam sunga pau nam tampi a omte sung pan bang pau zangh leng tangzai pen ding cihna lungngai kha hi. Tua ahih manin 1919 kum in”siahkaai hausa teng kaikhawm in Tedim khua paangpi nuai ah thu kikupna khat na bawl hi. Tua thu kikupna ah J.H. Cope in Hat Lian Bu (Jack The Giant Killer) kici Sihzang pau tawh a kigelh, laigelhloh dal 20 bang a pha ding laikhetna tawh a kikhen tangthu khat hong simkhia hi. Tua pen kuamah in tello ahih manin “Tua ahih leh bang pau –a bawl ding ihi hiam?’ ci-in a dot ciangin a kihel hausate khempeuh in “Tedim pau mahin kibawl leh kitheikim pen ding hi” ci-in thukimna hong nei uhhi.
Tua hun a kipan Cope topa in Tedim kampau tawh thukizakna hong suakkhia sak a, biakna laite leh laisimbu a bawl khempeuh zong Tedim kampau vive tawh hong bawl ahi hi.
7. Zolai Neih Manin Hamphatnate: Zolai i neih manin hamphat ziate lungngai pha kik le’ng a masa penin sangmangpa J.H. Cope in Mikangte zat Roman Alphabet ABC panin Zolai hong bawlsak khak laizang pen ei nget leh ei kut zong hipeuhmah lo , mailam hun suapi a mukhol leh a geel khol Pasian mahmah in ei Zomite hong angvan ngiatna leh ei adingin a hoih penpen mah hong geelsak ahihna kimu thei hi. ABC laimalte i zat khak manin ei adingin laikhetna a tuam bawlkul nawn seselo hi. Mikangte ading a kibawl siktawlai, lainetna (Press) leh Computer cihte tawh Zolai deih bangin i khen ziahziah thei hi. Zolai zangh in e-mail tawh leimong dongah hun tomno sungin thu i kiza ziauziau thei lel hi. Zolai tawh zonet panin a kitawng nangwn ki-om ta hi. I Zolai pen leitung bup dongah kizangh thei hi. Tua ahih manin i Zolai neumuh kha peuhmah kei ni. Kawllai tawh hihte kizangh theilo ahih manin Kawlte bangin hong eng thei mahmah uhhi. Hih pen J.H Cope hangin i ngah hamphatna lianpi khat ahi hi. Sangmangpa J.H. Cope in tawm vei sung Pu Pau Cin Hau’ lai na zangh man a, a zenzen in na zanghsuak bang hileh ei adingin siktawlai, lainetna, computer, leh e-mail cihte a kimanna omlo ding a, kizangh theilo ding hi.
A thu nihna ah ABC laimal i zatkhak manin Mikang lai leh Mikangpau tawh i kinai tuama, i maingap tuam pah hi. Mi namdangte sangin Mikang lai i kiva zaw deuhpah a, mikangpau zong siambaih zaw pahin mikang laa khawng zong saknuam i sa zawdeuh pah hi. Hun khat lai bangin Zomite Mikanglai siam ci-in hong kiciamteh ngei hi.
A thu thumna ah Pasian in Zolai thupha hong piakzia zong a lamdangpi khat mah ahi hi. Tuhun ciangin Topa’ thupha tawh Zomi sungah laisiam tampi mah ki-omta aa, amaute in leitung bup a laibu hoih minthang tampite ei lai in hong letkhia uh ahih manin Mikanglai leh Kawllai a siam lo, Zolai bek a thei tampite in kiphattuam pih mahmah hi. Tua tham lo-in tuhun ciangin Zolai tawh a kisin Lai Siangtho sang khawng zong hong omta aa, hih zong Pasian’ thupha taktak ahi hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh Lai Siangtho sang a kah Zomi tampite in a thu kibuaipih lo in a Mikanglai vive kibuipih za hi. Pawlkhat bangin pum lotngah pong lel uh a, ahi zongin a thu tel khollo lel uhhi. Tu in Zolai tawh kisin ta ahih manin a thu lah tel in, zong kizangh thei pah lai hi. Hih zong J.H. Cope hangin i ngah hamphatna lianpi khat mah ahi hi.
A thu lina ah Pasian’ nasepna ah lai lo tawh maa kitelh theilo a zong gahsuah zo taktak lo hi. Zolai i neih khak manin Zogam sungah Khristian khang tuam a, pawlpi zong thahat tuam hi. Zolai in i khamit hong honsak, hong pilsak, i khuamuhna hong tangzaisak, i upna hong khosak hi.
8. I Zolai Kepsiam Ni: Topa Pasian in J.H Cope tungtawn in hong piak i Zolai i kepsiam mahmah ding kisam hi. Kepsiam ding i cih ciangin koihcing ding cihna hilo a, a manthanloh nadingin zanghzangh ding cihna ahi hi. Kum 2000 pawl a kipanin kumpi in Zogam sung sangte ah Zolai hong sinsak nawnlo mah ahih manin khangthakte in Zolai kithei nawnlo tamawk a, dahhuai mahmah hi. Zomi hi napi Zolai theilo cihbang pianglo hi. Zomi ihih nak leh Zolai i theihkul hi. I Theih nadingin i sin kul hi. Sangte ah lah kisin nawnlo tamawk ahih manin biakna lampan hanciamin Zolai sinna neihzelzel ding kisam theikha ding hi.
(Cope 98 Celebration, Nov.1, 2008 ni-in Nitak kikkhopna sungah GSPau in a simkhiat laipi ahi hi.)
Monday, August 10, 2009
Kuki Identity
Struggle for Identity and Land among the Hill Peoples of Manipur*
By T.S. GANGTE
The identity struggle generated by fragmented ethnic claims and counter claims (prioritizing clan or sub-tribe, for instance) among the hill peoples of Manipur draws sucour from the provision of special constitutional status as “Scheduled Tribe” given to the smaller ethnic groups. Larger ethnic communities, such as the Naga, have usurped such claims to enhance its agenda of exclusive territorial claims, often making such struggle violent and bloody.
Among the communities whose names were coined by the British administrators and anthropologists, “Naga” and “Kuki” have gained significance due to their distinctive struggle for identity and territorial claim. However, the two need a closer look since the claim of one adversely affect the interest of the other. Though British colonial constructs, the terms “Naga” and Kuki” have gained certain generic traits over time. An equally important trend is the emergence of sub-tribes, clans, lineages within each of these tribes. The Government of India (GoI) has given due weightage to these smaller ethnic identities vide the Fourth Schedule, Section 26 (1) of the Amendments of the Constitution, Part XIV for Manipur (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950. Consequently, the list of such tribes have become inordinately lengthy, making it difficult to keep track of each small nomenclature.
Interestingly, some of these small tribes have since sought merger into viable groups in their continuing struggle for identity, status and privilege. This struggle has led to various reconstructions of identities leading to exclusive community claims and counter claims. The claims have today got extended to territoriality with its concommitant conception of “ethnic” state and state-governed territorial boundaries. The infamous clash between the Nagas and the Kukis during 1990s in and around the state of Manipur reflects the seriousness of such claims and counter claims.
• This paper is the revised version of the one presented at the national conference on “Folklore, Identities and Performance” held at Imphal on 23rd May 2006 organized by the Forum for
=
KUKI IDENTITY STRUGGLE
The Kukis have undergone a process of fragmentation, reducing most of them into groups of insignificant few hundreds. These tribal groups called themselves “Kukis” till independence in 1947. To be a “Kuki” was deemed a symbol of prestige and security. They all claimed to have emerged from “Khul” or “Khur” or “Chhinlung” or “Shinlung,” meaning “cave” or “bowel of the earth.”
The migration and settlement of the Kukis in Manipur have been through batches. That led Col. J. Shakespeare to judiciously categorize them into “Old Kuki” and “New Kuki” on the basis of their arrival (Table 1). However, there had been several contestations among the tribes by the end of British rule in the region about the collective nomenclature. While the Thadous and their cognate tribes stood staunchly for the conventional nomenclature “Kuki”, other groups rejected it on the ground that the term had become obsolete. One such group propounded the “Chin” theory with an avowed policy of creating a “Chin-land” for all the Kuki tribes on the plea that the term was used in Myanmar for the same groups of people. Yet another deviant group advocated the appellation “Mizo” as the most universal nomenclature. This group further argued that the term “Chin” used in Myanmar was as good as a counterfeit currency. On the whole, these contestations may be seen as signs of renewed awareness among the Kuki tribes.
OVERLAPPING NOMENCLATURE CONTROVERSY!
The controversy over nomenclature has taken different shapes and turns, sometimes difficult and uncontrollable, at various levels. For instance, the Thadou-Kuki controversy continues to be hotly debated. In one of his papers, “Kuki appears to be a Manipur term”, Lehman claims that a number of tribes have expressed their dislike for the word “Kuki” and that even a section of Thadou disliked having the appellation after their names. In 1971 a controversy arose over publication of the Holy Bible in Kuki language that had serious social repercussion. A representation addressed to the Bible Society of India alleged that “[t]he present translation of the Bible by Rev. T. Lunkim is entirely in Thadou dialect…. Thadou is a recognized tribe whereas the ‘Kuki’ is not. Only a recognized tribe has its own dialect…. Rev. T. Lunkim strongly advocates publication of the Holy Bible in ‘Kuki’ just because he is a non-Thadou but speaking Thadou dialect.” It has to be understood herein that Kuki tribes while using their respective dialects can communicate among themselves as was in the biblical penticostal days
(Acts: 2:1–16).
The term “Thadou language” is used by G.A. Grierson, R.K. Stewart and G.H. Damant. T.C. Hudson and C.A. Soppitt to contend that the language spoken by descendants and cognates of Thadou is called “Thado-Pao.” J. Shakespeare states that the language “is spoken by all the descendents of Thado and the non-Thado clans absorbed in them” and that “Thado-Pao” is the lingua franca among themselves. J.C. Higgins also states:
Thado is the language of the Kuki tribes in general and is intelligible to all the Kukis…. Manipuris and Thado contain certain roots in common, but are quite distinct languages and a language of one does not enable a person to make himself understood by persons speaking the other. The Assam Government grants separate rewards to officers passing in both. But Thado is closely allied to Lushai and a reward cannot be obtained in both these languages. It is also allied to the Northern Chin dialects.
The above facts should put to rest further controversy over language fuelled by clan rivalry and hegemony amongst closely allied tribal groups. But the controversy reached the Gauhati High Court, which constituted an Expert Committee comprising of three eminent anthropologists to go into the matter. Ultimately in compliance with the Gauhati High Court decision based on the Expert Committee recommendation dated 03/02/1995, the Government of Manipur, Education Department, issued an order No. 17/1/72-SE dated 12/05/1987 wherein it said that thereafter the language shall be recognized as “Thadou Kuki” language in supersession of the earlier two orders of even number dated 22/03/1977 and 03/01/1981 issued in favour of “Thadou language” and “Kuki language” respectively.
KNA VIS-À-VIS KUKI STATE
The struggle thus far simply heightened social tension, disunity and distrust among the erstwhile Kuki tribes in sharp contrast to the high ideal of political vision by the older generation in their memorandum to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 24/03/1960 vide the Kuki National Assembly (KNA) resolution adopted in its general meeting at Thingkangphai, Churachandpur, from 19th to 22nd January, 1960. The memorandum states that the only solution for the Kuki problem is the Kuki state, where the Kukis will have their own government to take care of their needs within the Union of India. A separate state for the Kukis with Manipur as the bastion will also give them the full opportunity to attain full growth. The Kuki state, as demanded, will enable collection of the Kuki minorities elsewhere together in a place where their lives and properties can be secure and their due share of development ensured.
NAGA INTEGRATION PROJECT
In contrast to the parochialism and political ambivalence manifest in their demand for a “Kuki state,” the Naga formulation was pragmatic, broad-based, and ideological. The Naga struggle is traced back to 1929 when they submitted a memorandum to the Simmon Commission urging that the Nagas (claiming sustained self-identity throughout history) be left alone to determine their own future when the British left India. The memorandum was signed by members of the Naga Club of Kohima who claimed to represent all those tribes to which they belonged. Having built their political foundation, the Nagas pursued their demand for “self-determination” and “integration of Naga inhabited areas” with Z. A. Phizo as the torchbearer.
The memorandum submitted to the Simon Commision in 1929 is considered as the bedrock on which present-day “Naga polity” is shaped. But if one observes carefully, not a single member of any Naga tribe of Manipur figures among the signatories to the memorandum. This can be confirmed from the population of Naga Scheduled Tribes of Manipur according to census figures of 1961–2001 (Table 2).
The term “Naga” has served as a cementing force in the realignment of groups in Manipur, even enticing some tribes like the Anal, Maring, etc, hitherto designated “Old Kuki” as per Shakespeare’s classification. The Nagas have asserted that their differences are superficial and secondary, but their unity and solidarity are more basic and fundamental. They seem to profess this unity by subscribing to a “two-nation theory” as in the case of their demand for carving out Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
The United Naga Council (UNC) press release (Imphal local dailies, 7th September 2003) on the identity of the Nagas of Manipur asserts that “… the Nagas and their land constituted the major portion of the territory of the present Manipur state.” The release further claims that “[e]xistence of Nagas, the expanse of their territory and the scope of the Naga national question, goes beyond the boundaries of present Manipur and necessarily has the Manipur Nagas and their land within the overall Naga jurisdiction.” To further consolidate their claim over parts of the territory of Manipur, the UNC further claims that “there are 14 clear Naga tribes in Manipur … . All these tribes are integral constituent units of the Naga(s)… on an equal basis with any other Naga tribe from present states of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Myanmar.”
After the UNC release, a NSCN (IM) declaration appeared in the local dailies of Imphal on 11th September 2003 spelling out the concept of two-nation theory: “… it does not believe in Manipur integration,” terming “the present Manipur state a temporary phenomenon” and that the NSCN (IM) is “… not greedy on land and will never take even an inch of Meitei’s territory, nor will it part with what is theirs.” This is with the backdrop of reconstituting the older Kuki tribes as Nagas inhabiting large portion of the hills of Manipur.
KUKI DIASPORA
The presence of the Kukis, both political and physical habitation, has been a hindrance to the Naga nationhood project. Since McCulloch’s “buffer policy” planted Kuki settlements at strategic places barriers, the Kukis have been found settled in a scattered pattern all over the Manipur hills. Kukis constitute an overwhelming preponderance in Churachandpur district, Sadar Hills sub-division of Senapati district and Chandel district. Otherwise, they are found mingling with Tangkhul tribes in Ukhrul district, Mao-Maram-Paomai tribes in Senapati district, and Zeliangrong tribes in Tamenglong district.
Demographic distribution of Kukis has remained as such till the ethnic violence of 1990s. NSCN (IM) made strategic attempts to wipe out the Kukis from their place of habitation through “ethnic cleansing” to strengthen claims of sovereign Nagalim state based on “Naga communalism”. Prior to this, the Thadou tribe alone (excluding other Kuki tribes) had formed a uniform 21 per cent of the total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in Senapati, Churachandpur and Chandel districts. In Tamenglong and Ukhrul districts, it would still form one-eighth and one-twelfth respectively of the total district ST population. In other words, it would be extremely difficult to presume absolute majority of one tribe over the others in the entire hill areas. Due to lack of interest of the Maharaja of Manipur, and lack of proper administration of hills even after the Anglo-Manipuri War 1891, Kuki chiefs had substantive control over their lands and “managed their own affairs in their own ways.” But the situation changed after the Anglo-Kuki War of 1917–19. With the suppression of the Kukis, confiscation of all guns and punishment of several of the leading chiefs, administration became more invasive, particularly with the opening of sub-division headquarters at Ukhrul, Tamenglong and Churachandpur.
Significantly enough, its aftermath saw onset of a modern system of administration, thereby establishing a permanent boundary called the “Territory of Manipur,” whatever might have been the state of hill administration prior to that. Reid who had been the then Governor of Assam (including Manipur) had said that the state of Manipur consists of a Central Valley, some 700 square miles in areas, surrounded by 8000 square miles in the hills.
POLITICS OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
Contestations over claims and counter claims over territory on ethnic lines have been building up since the British rule in the region. With the growth of modern consciousness among the hill people, belongingness to newly constructed ethnic identities got inseparably tangled with the claims over territoriality. As much as KNA claimed a Kuki homeland, the Nagas claimed large parts of Manipur as Naga territory. What is significant about the Naga claim is the exclusive character of Naga territorial boundary, rejecting any counter claims with intimidating violence. Ethnic cleansing of the Kukis was an outcome of this politics.
The “ethnic cleansing” of the Kukis by the NSCN (IM) saw one of its worst manifestations on 13th September 1993 when a fleeing Kuki civilians were intercepted at Joupi village in Tamenglong district and butchered in cold blood. The most gruesome incident took place at Taloulong village in Tamenglong district on 19th September 1993 when NSCN (IM) activists swooped down upon innocent villagers, forcing the adults to flee leaving behind small children under 10 years of age. Thereafter, NSCN (IM) activists hacked 13 children to death.
Apparently, the logic of “ethnic cleansing” is triggered by the pattern of Kuki-Naga concentration of population in the five hill districts. A memorandum submitted by the Delhi-based Kuki Students’ Organization (KSO) to the Prime Minister on 27th June, 2001, highlighted that the landholdings of the Kukis on their ancestral land are greater than those of the Nagas (Table 3). Ethnic cleansing did not happen in Churachandpur district only, as the district has nil Naga habitation. But, in the other four hill districts, Naga-Kuki land holding had been mixed, conforming to the census population ratio. There is no such hill district or areas in Manipur that is exclusively Naga-inhabited. The 1991 census data clearly shows that the Thadous alone comprise 26.8, 12.1, 21.4, 25.8, and 8.1 per cent of the respective district population of Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur, Chandel and Ukhrul. This explains how the Kukis emerged as a stumbling block in the NSCN (IM)’s ongoing effort in achieving Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
CONCLUSION
Land still remains the single most important physical possession for both the Kuki and the Naga peoples. On the one hand, land resource – the extent thereof – would apparently measure one’s social status and temporal power. On the other, cultural, socio-political and economic considerations have prompted the ethnogenes to attach land with primordial significance.
The above generalization would hold true in respect to Manipur where for apparent reasons the limited valley area has received the largest population incidence. Against the Manipur valley population (2001) of 14,11,766 persons occupying 700 sq. miles in the four valley districts, the same census registered 8,82,130 persons in the five hill districts measuring about 8000 sq. miles. The valley district population (majority Meitei Hindu and Muslims) would reflect a man-land ratio of 631 per sq. mile against mere 44 (mostly ethnogenes recognized as 33 STs) in the hill districts.
Further, there are differences between hills and valley regarding the nature and legality of land-holding. In the hills individual rights granted to tribal chiefs used to be handed down from generation to generation as a legacy of the British India. Indian government has since then been granting implicit cognizance under the Directive Principles of State Policy, where the documents issued by the District Magistrate or the Sub-Divisional Officer to the tribal chiefs is treated as equivalent to patta in the valley. In the valley, land has been surveyed and individual land-patta cites the extent of land, village and map-sheet under which the Dag Chitha is issued to the landholder. The land transfer in the valley becomes legal and absolute with possibility of the landowner becoming vendee moving from vendor. On the contrary, the land in the hills can be shifted (and thus alienated) from one chief to another through political posturing, threat of isolation, communal tension, etc. Such a form of alienation happens when a tribal chief’s right over land shifts due to threat or otherwise. Some minor tribes may face threat of extinction, whereupon the minor tribe seeks or is forced to seek merger with a larger tribe. The shift in identity and privilege is expected to lead to greater political bargaining by the larger tribe.
The Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act, 1956 (80 of 1956) created a strong sense of opposition by generating a great deal of discontentment and apprehension of a possible government intent to do away with the chief’s right. The Kuki chiefs vehemently protested the application or extension of the Act in the Manipur hills. In desperation, the pan-Kuki social organization, KNA, demanded creation of a Kuki state in 1960 through Thingkanphai meeting. Since then KNA has been repeatedly demanding the right to “self-determination” in their own homeland to be curved out by unifying all Kuki-inhabited areas in the Northeast. In 1988 the Kuki National Front (KNF) was set up to pursue the KNA demand. In an Aide Memoire (8th April 1988) to the Prime Minister, the KNF urged expeditious formation of a Kuki homeland by highlighting the democratic principles based on which several ethnic groups need to be encouraged to fulfill their socio-political aspirations, and also by soliciting prior solution of the land problem in Manipur hill areas for the benefit of the long-neglected Kukis. This was followed with reminder to then Prime Ministers, I. K. Gujaral, on 15th August 1997, and Atal Bihari Bajpayee on 8th April 1998. The last reminder was sent to Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on 20th November 2004 on his visit to Manipur under the presidentship of Thangminlien Kipgen, MLA, of the Kuki Chiefs Association, Manipur. Even after all these decades, the aspiration of a Kuki homeland remains unfulfilled.
The crises of identity manifesting fragmented identities (prioritizing clan or sub-tribe, for instance) is a recent phenomenon, and is the outcome of recognition accorded to smaller ethnic groups as separate Scheduled Tribes. Had this not been done – of giving constitutional benefits – the above kind of identity crisis would not have erupted. While the psychological need of different smaller tribes is still unmet and they continue to amalgamate or incorporate themselves into differing socio-political identities, these smaller communities has been manipulated and controlled by the larger ethnic communities. Appropriation of the Komrem, Anals, Lamkang or Monsang to adopt the Naga identity is a case in point. As the amalgamated and projected identity are found to be of not much use, the smaller clan identities are becoming the order of the day. An in-depth study of the culture, customs and linguistic commonness of the various tribes would require to be made so as to make proper modifications in the lists of Scheduled Tribes in the interest of the country as a whole.
Table 1: Kuki Tribes (ST) Population of Manipur, 1961–2001
SL No.
Scheduled Tribes
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Remarks
1.
Aimol
108
836
1862
2108
3643
Old Kuki
2.
Anal
4868
6670
9349
10642
13853
- do -
3.
Chiru
1809
2785
3743
6032
5487
- do -
4.
Chothe
1035
1905
1687
2571
2675
- do -
5.
Koirao
406
1620
919
1716
1200
- do -
6.
Koireng
531
458
949
873
1056
- do -
7.
Kom
5477
6550
9830
13004
15467
- do -
8.
Lamkang
1866
2622
3452
4031
4524
- do -
9.
Maring
7745
9825
11910
15698
17361
- do -
10.
Monsang
1342
930
1139
1803
1635
- do -
11.
Moyon
647
1360
1642
2081
1710
- do -
12.
Lushai
2749
7483
6126
8240
10520
New Kuki
13.
Paite
17029
24755
30959
40792
44861
- do -
14.
Purum
82
–
447
388
503
Old Kuki
15.
Ralte
80
154
107
250
110
- do -
16.
Sema
4
3
24
111
25
Naga
17.
Sukte
–
3
283
746
311
New Kuki
18.
Thadou
47998
59955
56466
121994
115045
- do -
19.
Gangte
4856
6307
7891
12793
15100
- do -
20.
Hmar
15365
23312
29216
35767
42690
- do -
21.
Simte
2818
4177
5035
8833
7150
- do -
22.
Vaiphei
8215
12347
15462
25136
27791
- do -
23.
Zou
6761
10060
12567
15887
19112
- do -
CENSUS REPORTS:
* THE DIVISION BETWEEN “OLD KUKI” AND “NEW KUKI” IS BASED ON SHAKESPEARE’S CLASSIFICARION.
Table 2: Naga Tribes (ST) Population of Manipur, 1961–2001
SL No.
Scheduled Tribes
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
1.
Kabui
(i) Puinei
(ii) Rongmei
29218
40257
26006
64287
62216
2.
Kacha Naga
(i) Zemei
(ii) Liengmei
9734
13026
12753
–
20328
3.
Mao
28810
33379
50715
71517
80508
4.
Maram
4928
4539
6544
9292
10510
5.
Tangkhul
43943
57851
79029
100088
112944
6.
Sema
4
3
24
–
25
SOURCE:
CENSE REPORTS
Table 3: Percentage of Kuki and Naga Landholdings in Manipur
SL No.
Districts
Kukis
Nagas
1.
Churachandpur
100
Nil
2.
Chandel
75
25
3.
Senapati
50
50
4.
Tamenglong
35
65
5.
Ukhrul
30
70
SOURCE:
MEMORANDUM DATED 27-06-2001 SUBMITTED BY THE KSO TO THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
NOTES & REFERENCES:
1. T.S. Gangte, The Kukis of Manipur, Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1993, pp. 231–32.
2. G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Tibeto Burman Family, Part III, 1904, p. 383.
3. R.K. Stewart, “A Slight Notice of the Grammar of Thadou,” Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. II, 1857, pp. 187–88.
4. G.H. Damant, “Notes on Manipuri Grammar and North Cachar Hills,” Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXIV, p. 173.
5. T.C. Hudson, Thadou Grammar, Shillong, 1906, p. 17.
6. C.A. Soppitt, Grammar of the Rangkhol Language, Shillong, 1887, p. 37.
7. J. Shakespeare, Lushai Kuki Clans, London, 1912, pp. 1978–79.
8. J.C. Higgins, No. KPM/37/198 dtd. 10/01/1919 addressed to Inspector General of Police Burma, Imphal.
9. J. Shakespeare, op.cit., p. 147. J.K. Bose has further endorsed this. For details see, J.K. Bose, A Glimpse of Tribal Life in the North East India, 1980, pp. 31, 55, 57–83.
10. J.H. Hutton, The Thadou Kukis: Introduction on the Work of William Shaw, Shillong, 1928.
11. Robert Reid, History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam 1883–1941, Shillong, 1942, p. 88.
12. J.H. Hutton, op. cit.
13. Statistical Abstract of Manipur, 2004, p. 1.
By T.S. GANGTE
The identity struggle generated by fragmented ethnic claims and counter claims (prioritizing clan or sub-tribe, for instance) among the hill peoples of Manipur draws sucour from the provision of special constitutional status as “Scheduled Tribe” given to the smaller ethnic groups. Larger ethnic communities, such as the Naga, have usurped such claims to enhance its agenda of exclusive territorial claims, often making such struggle violent and bloody.
Among the communities whose names were coined by the British administrators and anthropologists, “Naga” and “Kuki” have gained significance due to their distinctive struggle for identity and territorial claim. However, the two need a closer look since the claim of one adversely affect the interest of the other. Though British colonial constructs, the terms “Naga” and Kuki” have gained certain generic traits over time. An equally important trend is the emergence of sub-tribes, clans, lineages within each of these tribes. The Government of India (GoI) has given due weightage to these smaller ethnic identities vide the Fourth Schedule, Section 26 (1) of the Amendments of the Constitution, Part XIV for Manipur (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950. Consequently, the list of such tribes have become inordinately lengthy, making it difficult to keep track of each small nomenclature.
Interestingly, some of these small tribes have since sought merger into viable groups in their continuing struggle for identity, status and privilege. This struggle has led to various reconstructions of identities leading to exclusive community claims and counter claims. The claims have today got extended to territoriality with its concommitant conception of “ethnic” state and state-governed territorial boundaries. The infamous clash between the Nagas and the Kukis during 1990s in and around the state of Manipur reflects the seriousness of such claims and counter claims.
• This paper is the revised version of the one presented at the national conference on “Folklore, Identities and Performance” held at Imphal on 23rd May 2006 organized by the Forum for
=
KUKI IDENTITY STRUGGLE
The Kukis have undergone a process of fragmentation, reducing most of them into groups of insignificant few hundreds. These tribal groups called themselves “Kukis” till independence in 1947. To be a “Kuki” was deemed a symbol of prestige and security. They all claimed to have emerged from “Khul” or “Khur” or “Chhinlung” or “Shinlung,” meaning “cave” or “bowel of the earth.”
The migration and settlement of the Kukis in Manipur have been through batches. That led Col. J. Shakespeare to judiciously categorize them into “Old Kuki” and “New Kuki” on the basis of their arrival (Table 1). However, there had been several contestations among the tribes by the end of British rule in the region about the collective nomenclature. While the Thadous and their cognate tribes stood staunchly for the conventional nomenclature “Kuki”, other groups rejected it on the ground that the term had become obsolete. One such group propounded the “Chin” theory with an avowed policy of creating a “Chin-land” for all the Kuki tribes on the plea that the term was used in Myanmar for the same groups of people. Yet another deviant group advocated the appellation “Mizo” as the most universal nomenclature. This group further argued that the term “Chin” used in Myanmar was as good as a counterfeit currency. On the whole, these contestations may be seen as signs of renewed awareness among the Kuki tribes.
OVERLAPPING NOMENCLATURE CONTROVERSY!
The controversy over nomenclature has taken different shapes and turns, sometimes difficult and uncontrollable, at various levels. For instance, the Thadou-Kuki controversy continues to be hotly debated. In one of his papers, “Kuki appears to be a Manipur term”, Lehman claims that a number of tribes have expressed their dislike for the word “Kuki” and that even a section of Thadou disliked having the appellation after their names. In 1971 a controversy arose over publication of the Holy Bible in Kuki language that had serious social repercussion. A representation addressed to the Bible Society of India alleged that “[t]he present translation of the Bible by Rev. T. Lunkim is entirely in Thadou dialect…. Thadou is a recognized tribe whereas the ‘Kuki’ is not. Only a recognized tribe has its own dialect…. Rev. T. Lunkim strongly advocates publication of the Holy Bible in ‘Kuki’ just because he is a non-Thadou but speaking Thadou dialect.” It has to be understood herein that Kuki tribes while using their respective dialects can communicate among themselves as was in the biblical penticostal days
(Acts: 2:1–16).
The term “Thadou language” is used by G.A. Grierson, R.K. Stewart and G.H. Damant. T.C. Hudson and C.A. Soppitt to contend that the language spoken by descendants and cognates of Thadou is called “Thado-Pao.” J. Shakespeare states that the language “is spoken by all the descendents of Thado and the non-Thado clans absorbed in them” and that “Thado-Pao” is the lingua franca among themselves. J.C. Higgins also states:
Thado is the language of the Kuki tribes in general and is intelligible to all the Kukis…. Manipuris and Thado contain certain roots in common, but are quite distinct languages and a language of one does not enable a person to make himself understood by persons speaking the other. The Assam Government grants separate rewards to officers passing in both. But Thado is closely allied to Lushai and a reward cannot be obtained in both these languages. It is also allied to the Northern Chin dialects.
The above facts should put to rest further controversy over language fuelled by clan rivalry and hegemony amongst closely allied tribal groups. But the controversy reached the Gauhati High Court, which constituted an Expert Committee comprising of three eminent anthropologists to go into the matter. Ultimately in compliance with the Gauhati High Court decision based on the Expert Committee recommendation dated 03/02/1995, the Government of Manipur, Education Department, issued an order No. 17/1/72-SE dated 12/05/1987 wherein it said that thereafter the language shall be recognized as “Thadou Kuki” language in supersession of the earlier two orders of even number dated 22/03/1977 and 03/01/1981 issued in favour of “Thadou language” and “Kuki language” respectively.
KNA VIS-À-VIS KUKI STATE
The struggle thus far simply heightened social tension, disunity and distrust among the erstwhile Kuki tribes in sharp contrast to the high ideal of political vision by the older generation in their memorandum to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 24/03/1960 vide the Kuki National Assembly (KNA) resolution adopted in its general meeting at Thingkangphai, Churachandpur, from 19th to 22nd January, 1960. The memorandum states that the only solution for the Kuki problem is the Kuki state, where the Kukis will have their own government to take care of their needs within the Union of India. A separate state for the Kukis with Manipur as the bastion will also give them the full opportunity to attain full growth. The Kuki state, as demanded, will enable collection of the Kuki minorities elsewhere together in a place where their lives and properties can be secure and their due share of development ensured.
NAGA INTEGRATION PROJECT
In contrast to the parochialism and political ambivalence manifest in their demand for a “Kuki state,” the Naga formulation was pragmatic, broad-based, and ideological. The Naga struggle is traced back to 1929 when they submitted a memorandum to the Simmon Commission urging that the Nagas (claiming sustained self-identity throughout history) be left alone to determine their own future when the British left India. The memorandum was signed by members of the Naga Club of Kohima who claimed to represent all those tribes to which they belonged. Having built their political foundation, the Nagas pursued their demand for “self-determination” and “integration of Naga inhabited areas” with Z. A. Phizo as the torchbearer.
The memorandum submitted to the Simon Commision in 1929 is considered as the bedrock on which present-day “Naga polity” is shaped. But if one observes carefully, not a single member of any Naga tribe of Manipur figures among the signatories to the memorandum. This can be confirmed from the population of Naga Scheduled Tribes of Manipur according to census figures of 1961–2001 (Table 2).
The term “Naga” has served as a cementing force in the realignment of groups in Manipur, even enticing some tribes like the Anal, Maring, etc, hitherto designated “Old Kuki” as per Shakespeare’s classification. The Nagas have asserted that their differences are superficial and secondary, but their unity and solidarity are more basic and fundamental. They seem to profess this unity by subscribing to a “two-nation theory” as in the case of their demand for carving out Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
The United Naga Council (UNC) press release (Imphal local dailies, 7th September 2003) on the identity of the Nagas of Manipur asserts that “… the Nagas and their land constituted the major portion of the territory of the present Manipur state.” The release further claims that “[e]xistence of Nagas, the expanse of their territory and the scope of the Naga national question, goes beyond the boundaries of present Manipur and necessarily has the Manipur Nagas and their land within the overall Naga jurisdiction.” To further consolidate their claim over parts of the territory of Manipur, the UNC further claims that “there are 14 clear Naga tribes in Manipur … . All these tribes are integral constituent units of the Naga(s)… on an equal basis with any other Naga tribe from present states of Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Myanmar.”
After the UNC release, a NSCN (IM) declaration appeared in the local dailies of Imphal on 11th September 2003 spelling out the concept of two-nation theory: “… it does not believe in Manipur integration,” terming “the present Manipur state a temporary phenomenon” and that the NSCN (IM) is “… not greedy on land and will never take even an inch of Meitei’s territory, nor will it part with what is theirs.” This is with the backdrop of reconstituting the older Kuki tribes as Nagas inhabiting large portion of the hills of Manipur.
KUKI DIASPORA
The presence of the Kukis, both political and physical habitation, has been a hindrance to the Naga nationhood project. Since McCulloch’s “buffer policy” planted Kuki settlements at strategic places barriers, the Kukis have been found settled in a scattered pattern all over the Manipur hills. Kukis constitute an overwhelming preponderance in Churachandpur district, Sadar Hills sub-division of Senapati district and Chandel district. Otherwise, they are found mingling with Tangkhul tribes in Ukhrul district, Mao-Maram-Paomai tribes in Senapati district, and Zeliangrong tribes in Tamenglong district.
Demographic distribution of Kukis has remained as such till the ethnic violence of 1990s. NSCN (IM) made strategic attempts to wipe out the Kukis from their place of habitation through “ethnic cleansing” to strengthen claims of sovereign Nagalim state based on “Naga communalism”. Prior to this, the Thadou tribe alone (excluding other Kuki tribes) had formed a uniform 21 per cent of the total Scheduled Tribe (ST) population in Senapati, Churachandpur and Chandel districts. In Tamenglong and Ukhrul districts, it would still form one-eighth and one-twelfth respectively of the total district ST population. In other words, it would be extremely difficult to presume absolute majority of one tribe over the others in the entire hill areas. Due to lack of interest of the Maharaja of Manipur, and lack of proper administration of hills even after the Anglo-Manipuri War 1891, Kuki chiefs had substantive control over their lands and “managed their own affairs in their own ways.” But the situation changed after the Anglo-Kuki War of 1917–19. With the suppression of the Kukis, confiscation of all guns and punishment of several of the leading chiefs, administration became more invasive, particularly with the opening of sub-division headquarters at Ukhrul, Tamenglong and Churachandpur.
Significantly enough, its aftermath saw onset of a modern system of administration, thereby establishing a permanent boundary called the “Territory of Manipur,” whatever might have been the state of hill administration prior to that. Reid who had been the then Governor of Assam (including Manipur) had said that the state of Manipur consists of a Central Valley, some 700 square miles in areas, surrounded by 8000 square miles in the hills.
POLITICS OF ETHNIC CLEANSING
Contestations over claims and counter claims over territory on ethnic lines have been building up since the British rule in the region. With the growth of modern consciousness among the hill people, belongingness to newly constructed ethnic identities got inseparably tangled with the claims over territoriality. As much as KNA claimed a Kuki homeland, the Nagas claimed large parts of Manipur as Naga territory. What is significant about the Naga claim is the exclusive character of Naga territorial boundary, rejecting any counter claims with intimidating violence. Ethnic cleansing of the Kukis was an outcome of this politics.
The “ethnic cleansing” of the Kukis by the NSCN (IM) saw one of its worst manifestations on 13th September 1993 when a fleeing Kuki civilians were intercepted at Joupi village in Tamenglong district and butchered in cold blood. The most gruesome incident took place at Taloulong village in Tamenglong district on 19th September 1993 when NSCN (IM) activists swooped down upon innocent villagers, forcing the adults to flee leaving behind small children under 10 years of age. Thereafter, NSCN (IM) activists hacked 13 children to death.
Apparently, the logic of “ethnic cleansing” is triggered by the pattern of Kuki-Naga concentration of population in the five hill districts. A memorandum submitted by the Delhi-based Kuki Students’ Organization (KSO) to the Prime Minister on 27th June, 2001, highlighted that the landholdings of the Kukis on their ancestral land are greater than those of the Nagas (Table 3). Ethnic cleansing did not happen in Churachandpur district only, as the district has nil Naga habitation. But, in the other four hill districts, Naga-Kuki land holding had been mixed, conforming to the census population ratio. There is no such hill district or areas in Manipur that is exclusively Naga-inhabited. The 1991 census data clearly shows that the Thadous alone comprise 26.8, 12.1, 21.4, 25.8, and 8.1 per cent of the respective district population of Senapati, Tamenglong, Churachandpur, Chandel and Ukhrul. This explains how the Kukis emerged as a stumbling block in the NSCN (IM)’s ongoing effort in achieving Greater Nagaland or Nagalim.
CONCLUSION
Land still remains the single most important physical possession for both the Kuki and the Naga peoples. On the one hand, land resource – the extent thereof – would apparently measure one’s social status and temporal power. On the other, cultural, socio-political and economic considerations have prompted the ethnogenes to attach land with primordial significance.
The above generalization would hold true in respect to Manipur where for apparent reasons the limited valley area has received the largest population incidence. Against the Manipur valley population (2001) of 14,11,766 persons occupying 700 sq. miles in the four valley districts, the same census registered 8,82,130 persons in the five hill districts measuring about 8000 sq. miles. The valley district population (majority Meitei Hindu and Muslims) would reflect a man-land ratio of 631 per sq. mile against mere 44 (mostly ethnogenes recognized as 33 STs) in the hill districts.
Further, there are differences between hills and valley regarding the nature and legality of land-holding. In the hills individual rights granted to tribal chiefs used to be handed down from generation to generation as a legacy of the British India. Indian government has since then been granting implicit cognizance under the Directive Principles of State Policy, where the documents issued by the District Magistrate or the Sub-Divisional Officer to the tribal chiefs is treated as equivalent to patta in the valley. In the valley, land has been surveyed and individual land-patta cites the extent of land, village and map-sheet under which the Dag Chitha is issued to the landholder. The land transfer in the valley becomes legal and absolute with possibility of the landowner becoming vendee moving from vendor. On the contrary, the land in the hills can be shifted (and thus alienated) from one chief to another through political posturing, threat of isolation, communal tension, etc. Such a form of alienation happens when a tribal chief’s right over land shifts due to threat or otherwise. Some minor tribes may face threat of extinction, whereupon the minor tribe seeks or is forced to seek merger with a larger tribe. The shift in identity and privilege is expected to lead to greater political bargaining by the larger tribe.
The Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act, 1956 (80 of 1956) created a strong sense of opposition by generating a great deal of discontentment and apprehension of a possible government intent to do away with the chief’s right. The Kuki chiefs vehemently protested the application or extension of the Act in the Manipur hills. In desperation, the pan-Kuki social organization, KNA, demanded creation of a Kuki state in 1960 through Thingkanphai meeting. Since then KNA has been repeatedly demanding the right to “self-determination” in their own homeland to be curved out by unifying all Kuki-inhabited areas in the Northeast. In 1988 the Kuki National Front (KNF) was set up to pursue the KNA demand. In an Aide Memoire (8th April 1988) to the Prime Minister, the KNF urged expeditious formation of a Kuki homeland by highlighting the democratic principles based on which several ethnic groups need to be encouraged to fulfill their socio-political aspirations, and also by soliciting prior solution of the land problem in Manipur hill areas for the benefit of the long-neglected Kukis. This was followed with reminder to then Prime Ministers, I. K. Gujaral, on 15th August 1997, and Atal Bihari Bajpayee on 8th April 1998. The last reminder was sent to Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh on 20th November 2004 on his visit to Manipur under the presidentship of Thangminlien Kipgen, MLA, of the Kuki Chiefs Association, Manipur. Even after all these decades, the aspiration of a Kuki homeland remains unfulfilled.
The crises of identity manifesting fragmented identities (prioritizing clan or sub-tribe, for instance) is a recent phenomenon, and is the outcome of recognition accorded to smaller ethnic groups as separate Scheduled Tribes. Had this not been done – of giving constitutional benefits – the above kind of identity crisis would not have erupted. While the psychological need of different smaller tribes is still unmet and they continue to amalgamate or incorporate themselves into differing socio-political identities, these smaller communities has been manipulated and controlled by the larger ethnic communities. Appropriation of the Komrem, Anals, Lamkang or Monsang to adopt the Naga identity is a case in point. As the amalgamated and projected identity are found to be of not much use, the smaller clan identities are becoming the order of the day. An in-depth study of the culture, customs and linguistic commonness of the various tribes would require to be made so as to make proper modifications in the lists of Scheduled Tribes in the interest of the country as a whole.
Table 1: Kuki Tribes (ST) Population of Manipur, 1961–2001
SL No.
Scheduled Tribes
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
Remarks
1.
Aimol
108
836
1862
2108
3643
Old Kuki
2.
Anal
4868
6670
9349
10642
13853
- do -
3.
Chiru
1809
2785
3743
6032
5487
- do -
4.
Chothe
1035
1905
1687
2571
2675
- do -
5.
Koirao
406
1620
919
1716
1200
- do -
6.
Koireng
531
458
949
873
1056
- do -
7.
Kom
5477
6550
9830
13004
15467
- do -
8.
Lamkang
1866
2622
3452
4031
4524
- do -
9.
Maring
7745
9825
11910
15698
17361
- do -
10.
Monsang
1342
930
1139
1803
1635
- do -
11.
Moyon
647
1360
1642
2081
1710
- do -
12.
Lushai
2749
7483
6126
8240
10520
New Kuki
13.
Paite
17029
24755
30959
40792
44861
- do -
14.
Purum
82
–
447
388
503
Old Kuki
15.
Ralte
80
154
107
250
110
- do -
16.
Sema
4
3
24
111
25
Naga
17.
Sukte
–
3
283
746
311
New Kuki
18.
Thadou
47998
59955
56466
121994
115045
- do -
19.
Gangte
4856
6307
7891
12793
15100
- do -
20.
Hmar
15365
23312
29216
35767
42690
- do -
21.
Simte
2818
4177
5035
8833
7150
- do -
22.
Vaiphei
8215
12347
15462
25136
27791
- do -
23.
Zou
6761
10060
12567
15887
19112
- do -
CENSUS REPORTS:
* THE DIVISION BETWEEN “OLD KUKI” AND “NEW KUKI” IS BASED ON SHAKESPEARE’S CLASSIFICARION.
Table 2: Naga Tribes (ST) Population of Manipur, 1961–2001
SL No.
Scheduled Tribes
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
1.
Kabui
(i) Puinei
(ii) Rongmei
29218
40257
26006
64287
62216
2.
Kacha Naga
(i) Zemei
(ii) Liengmei
9734
13026
12753
–
20328
3.
Mao
28810
33379
50715
71517
80508
4.
Maram
4928
4539
6544
9292
10510
5.
Tangkhul
43943
57851
79029
100088
112944
6.
Sema
4
3
24
–
25
SOURCE:
CENSE REPORTS
Table 3: Percentage of Kuki and Naga Landholdings in Manipur
SL No.
Districts
Kukis
Nagas
1.
Churachandpur
100
Nil
2.
Chandel
75
25
3.
Senapati
50
50
4.
Tamenglong
35
65
5.
Ukhrul
30
70
SOURCE:
MEMORANDUM DATED 27-06-2001 SUBMITTED BY THE KSO TO THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA
NOTES & REFERENCES:
1. T.S. Gangte, The Kukis of Manipur, Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1993, pp. 231–32.
2. G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Tibeto Burman Family, Part III, 1904, p. 383.
3. R.K. Stewart, “A Slight Notice of the Grammar of Thadou,” Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. II, 1857, pp. 187–88.
4. G.H. Damant, “Notes on Manipuri Grammar and North Cachar Hills,” Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, Vol. XXIV, p. 173.
5. T.C. Hudson, Thadou Grammar, Shillong, 1906, p. 17.
6. C.A. Soppitt, Grammar of the Rangkhol Language, Shillong, 1887, p. 37.
7. J. Shakespeare, Lushai Kuki Clans, London, 1912, pp. 1978–79.
8. J.C. Higgins, No. KPM/37/198 dtd. 10/01/1919 addressed to Inspector General of Police Burma, Imphal.
9. J. Shakespeare, op.cit., p. 147. J.K. Bose has further endorsed this. For details see, J.K. Bose, A Glimpse of Tribal Life in the North East India, 1980, pp. 31, 55, 57–83.
10. J.H. Hutton, The Thadou Kukis: Introduction on the Work of William Shaw, Shillong, 1928.
11. Robert Reid, History of the Frontier Areas Bordering on Assam 1883–1941, Shillong, 1942, p. 88.
12. J.H. Hutton, op. cit.
13. Statistical Abstract of Manipur, 2004, p. 1.
Saturday, August 8, 2009
Zomi Galhang Nam hi
ZOMI TE MABAN
A masa in Zomi te ih khang tangthu ih ki etkik ding hongkisam masa hi.Ih pu ih pa te nasep sate enkik in ei khangthak te in, ih mabanding ki muthei panding hi.
First Zomi War December. 7, 1888
Zomi galhang te in, British galkap te nazo ngawp uh a, kalaymyo ciangdong notsuk uh hi.
http://www.geocities.com/sizangfashion_4u/History_channel.html?1148082101628
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_165
World War ( 1 )hun in Tedim leh Tonzang gam pan Zomi tangval 3000 in, British te nuntakna tawh nahuh uh hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_181
World War ( 2 )hun in, Zomi te British te khutnuai ah kiom in, ei leh ei buaina omlo in, hong ki uksak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_182
Fed, 12, 1947 kum in, Zogam pan Pu Hlur Mung, Pu Thawng Za Khup leh Pu Kio Mang te in, Shangam Panglong khuapi ah, kawlgam suahtakna ding suai nakaai uh hi.
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
January , 04, 1948 kum in Kawlgam bup suahtakna British te khutnuai pan kingah hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Independence_Burma,_1947-1962
Febuary, 20, 1948 kum in, amasa pen Zomi nam ni ( Chin National Day ) Falam khuapi ah kibawl hi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_38
1960 kum in, Pu Tun Kho Pum in United Chin Government hong phutkhia a, Bangladest gam pan in, Zogam suahtakna ding galvan la zeel in, atawpna ah, Pu Lal Deng ( MNF) te in, ngian tawh galvan teng sutbaan ah mulkim huai tak in , Zomi galkap hangsan te tampitak tawh hong thahlup sak uh hi.
http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/2004_news_reports/105
1964 kum in Pu Thual Zen in, Anti- Communist Freedom Organization hongphuan khia a, Thauvui thautang kicinloh na leh tua hun laitak kawl kumpi leh India kumpi te galmat kikhek tuahna in, kawl te khuplum mahtawh hong sihsan hi.
1988 kum in ZNC party mintawh Pu Chin Sian Thang leh Pu Thang Lian Pau in kuang hong luikhia a,Tedim gunngal leh Tonzang gam teng ah ZNC party in gualzawhna hongnei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomi_National_Congress
1993 kum in, Pu Thang Khan Gin in, ZORO hong phuankhia a, Mizoram leh Manipur a om Zo minam te politics lam mitkeuh sak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_245
http://manipuronline.com/Interviews/August2006/zoro27_1.htm
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_213
April, 1993 kum in, Kachin gam Phapian khua ah,ZRO Zomi Re-unification Organization kiphuankhia hi.Hih ZRO tawh ki ton in Zomi Revolutionary Army zong kiphuan khawm pah a, tuni tan ciang gam leh minam ading pan lato lai uhhi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_32
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agoOjtUIUSM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geS3c43l6Ek&feature=related
Hih atung athute pen abeisa pan kipan tuniciang dong Zomi khangthu a kizom tosuak hi a,ih theihloh aphamawh akisam thu ahihi.Tuni khangthak Zomi te maban kikum to tading hi hang.
Ei mite pen Tibet to Burma suante ih hi a, Burma history ih et suksuk kik ciang in, amasapen Pyu minam te kihi ding cih 78% bang lamet naom hi.Nidang akipan kawlgam sung ah kumpi tampi in Ukna a neihhang in, kuamah khutnuai ah Zomi leh Zogam na om ngeilo hi.Hih anuai ah kawlgam kumpi tuamtuam te azawhna gamlim te ki muthei a,kikan kikthei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma#Shan_States_.281287-1557.29
Leitung mihing akici namkhat beek in cikmah a, a uk ngeiloh Zomi te ihhi a, ei leh ei a kiuk, aki van minam te ih hihi.Namdang mi ahi mikang British te in leitung gam hong kekkek natawh kiton in,India lam pan hong do toto te in, Manipur leh Lushei hill ( Mizoram) ciang hongzo to a,ahizong in, Kawlgam pan hong do toto mikang British te in,kawlgam buppi alak khit, azawh ngawp dikdek khit teh Zogam atawpna ah hong douh a, galvanzat ki kimloh nahang in aki lel bek ahihi.Ih lung sim leh ih hangsan nate Mikang tenzong hong phazo tuanlo uh hi.
Alamdang mahmah Zomi leh Zogam tawh kisai in, First World War pen nasiatak in ki do uh a, Zomi te akihel ciang in, gal veng hi.Second World War zong British te leh Japan te ki do tawpna Zogam hong tun teh galveng leuleu hi.Kawlgam bup suahtak na ding in,a ngelngel uhhang piang thei tuanlo a, Kachin te, Shan te zong hanciam na pi' apian zawh mahmah loh ciang in, Zomi te atun teh thu ki vaihawm theikik pan hi. Kawlgam suahtak zawh a sawtnailo in, Karen ( Dek) minam te khuaibang honghang uh a, Zomi te hong kipat teh galveng leuleu hi.Hih thute pen Zomi te,Pasian hongpiak tuamngiat Secreat ahihi.
Kuama khutnuai ah aomngeilo Zomi tepen Meitei galhang mahmah a kici 1500 khawng, Pu Kam Hau uksung Tedim hong simsawm uh a, Tedim zong tungman lo in, gallel in ciahkik uh hi.Tuhun ciang in galvan kim kinei ciat a, 2001 May, 15 ni-in, Thanlon khua ah Zogam galkap ZRA te 23 bek pen Meitei galkap UNLF 170 in umcip in, akap cip hang PM 3:00 hun in, ZRA ten delhmang kik hi.Meitei ten cikmah hun in Zomite zongeilo ding uh hi.( Zomi te tangthu tawm )
http://tongsannews.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/zomi-te-khang-tangthu-atom-kanna/
A lainat huai mahmah leh a cikzet huai mahmah Zomi te dinmun, khim hongzing taktak ta.... India pan hongsim toto mikang te in, Lushei hill leh Manipur teng a zawh khitteh, Kawlgam pan hongsim toto te in, Zogam zong hong zoto uh hi.A hizong suah leh tum a agualzo England kumpi mah hina pin,minam khat teng gamkhat in honguk lo in, suahlam Kawlgam pan leh tumlam India pan hong uk se uh a,Zogam luzang pan in, phelnih hongsuah suk sakmawk uh hi.Hih pen ih minam hihna ih gam neihna hong satkhap na lianpi ahihi.Mikang te in ih gam hong phelkhap ban ah, asung a om neihsa lamsa khempeuh a deihdeih uh hong laksak lai in, na khempeuh amau ut bangbang in hong control lai uh hi.Tulai tak Zomi te atamzaw Christian ih suahna thu zong ataktak in, England gam pan missionary hongpai khatzong omlo a, USA gam bek pan vive a hihi.England te hong deihsak hong pantah nuam taktak hi leh tulaitak in, Anglicanism pawlpi kiom ding hi.Ngaihsun kikkik leng ana veve mah hi.Tuahun in Sak leh khang hong phelkhap kei leh tuni in, Zogam pen, india ah maw!Burma lam ah maw!(or) ei leh ei maw! cihtawh gamkhat ah ih omkhawm khinta ding hi.
Zomi Pu leh Pa te in, Mikang te khutnuai pan nasuakta nuam mahmah tauh ahihman in,suahtak theihnang lampi nazongta uh hi.Galpi nihna hongveng lian leh leitung gam tuamtuam te in amau gamciat suahtak theihnalampi hong omtek ahihman in,ei leh ei a ding kipzo nailo, mualtung mite in,bang ci panlakding cih nakpitak in ngaihsun uh hi.Tua laitak in, kawlgam pan Aungsan makaihna tawh Kawlgam suahtaknading lampi om in, Kawlte tawh kipawl in, mikang te khutnuaipan suahtakna lakhawmleng cih IDEA hong muta uh hi.Ahizong in kawl minam tetawh kipawlnading in, ngaihsut ding thutampi om ahihman in, kawlminam ten hong nenniam cip kha leh cihnatawh Kachinte leh Shante tawh thu kikum phot in, Kawl te tawh amasa in suahtakna lamasa ding!!!!! tuakhit kum 10 encik ding in, ih utleh ei leh ei gamkhat in dingkikding cih tupnatawh Zomi, Kachin, Shan tein Panglong agreement ah suai nakai uh hi.
Kumsawm cing cihthadah kawlte in Panglong Agreement abeimang nading tupna in, suahtakna zong ngahman nailopi July. 19. 1947 kum in, Aungsan leh ulian pi teng hong thahlupsak hi.Kawlgam in suahtakna ngahding kician mahmah ta ahihman in, suahtak na ngahlian leh kawlminam te'n autbang in ukcipding, mualtung mite pusuaksak vetloding cih atupna bulpi ahihi.A hizong in, Kawl ngian mah ih cidiam thakhat in hong hihsawm lo in, tawmtawm in hongkipan uh a, akilawmsak na in,The First President ahi Sao Shwe Thaik ( Shan te hi a 1948- 1952 ) pen Time khat kum 4 bek uksak in, tua akipan U NU leh Ni Win kipawl in, kumsawm cingma himhim in Federation aphiat mengmeng nading ngian tuamtuam zongin hongkipan touh hi.Kum sawm ci'n 1958 kum ciang in mualtung mite pusuaktheihding hunta mah leh Ni Win in, galkap thuneihna tawh Shan ukpite man in,bangmah atangthei lodingin abawlciang in, Kum 10 cin Panglong agreement pen suahtakna omlo, kawlminam te khutnuai ah cikziat huaitak in hong lutkikta hi.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/12589343/zomi-namni-2009
http://www.aungsan.com/gallery.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma
1962 kumciang in Ni Win in atupna a tangtun nading in, Communish gal leh Dek gal te paulap in, kawmgam state te akitap lohding cihbek mitsuan in, thuneih natawh kawlgam bup hongla leuleu in, U NU nangawn thu in simlo hi.Ni Win in , atupna ahi,amah mimal ANNA akipnading hong hanciam leuleu a, SOCIALISM min vawhpong( paulap) in, mualtung mite hongkhem leuleu hi.A khemsuk khemto zong in, mualtung mite deihna khatzong sepsaklo ahihman in, CIVIL war tawh nisim galdo in, alangkhat ah BCP Burma Communish Party tezong si lelkhop veve hi.Tua hunlai in, Zomi te in, Kawlte ngian theilo in, kawlgam ading nuntakna tampi na piakhia hi.Tua hunlai in kawl mipi inzong,Ni Win Socialism Party pen panpih uh hi.Bang hanghiam cih leh kawlte in mualtung mite apusuak dinguh haza uh hi.A hizong in, Kawl minam te mahmahzong Ni Win in, nadawm tuanlo in,na that ziahziah lel ahihman in,kawlmipi ten deihlohna hong ompan a, tuama in, bangmah paulo uh hi.
Ni Win ahai man in, ama angsungbek khual keihen la, kawlmi te hamphatna dingbek bawl leh amah kuaman langdo hetlo ding hina pi, ANNA bek ngaihsun mawk ahihman in, 1988 ciang in,kawl mipi te in, amah deihnawn lo in,hong langdo tauh hi.Kawl te in Democracy ci in, a awtawt uhhang in,amau Democracy pen kawlminam te bek in, kawlgam ukcip ding cih Democracy ahihi.Galkap kumpi athuakzawhloh manbek hi a, Panglong agreement bang in, kum 10 khitteh paikhiat ding tuni dong kawlte mimal khatciat na dong leucin, hong phal hetloding hi.A mau phalleh phalloh tawh kisai peuhmah lo in, 1958 - 2009 = 51 ( Kum 51 ) sung kawlmi te in, ILLEGAL in honguk uh ahihi.Ihlung sim kikhel nading in, State peuh, Division peuh, Capital city peuh, Zato peuh, Sang inn peuh akilawmsak na in, hong piapongmawk a,kawlmi te sang' ih pilzawk ding,ih siamzawk ding, ih hauhzawkding lau in, baikna lam pan ahizong, kampau lampan ahizong, lailampan ahizong,focus tuamtuam pan,mualtung mite Chance khatzong hong pialo uhhi.
Banghang hongpia lo???? Amau sang pilzaw theizaw leng,Panglong agreement tangtung ding hiven..Tua hang in, U NU bang suuk lua kisa kawlgam bup Buddhism suaksak nuam in, hongkipan a, Kachin te gamsung lutlian ahihman in, tawm hongkhiam bek ahihi. Tuabek hilo in, tunidong, kawlgam ah Channel khatbek zang in, news paper khatbek mahzang in, kawllai namkhat bek zanglai a, kawllai munkhempeuh ah sinsak hi.Mualtungmi te laileh pau gambup ah sinsak cihthadah, ih lai ih pau abeimang nading in, nisim in, panla den in, tuppi in neiuh hi.Tua nangawn hawmthawh lai in, kawlmi khat in, Zomi or mualtung mikhat zi in aneih leh cihbanga kipan Central Secreat in neita zen uh hi.
Kawl gam ah Kawlmi bek omding, namdang teng beicipding, paudang zangloding, laidang zangloding, nakhempeuh kawlte khutnuai ah omding cihpen, bangmi bangmi hongkhang zongin, Kawlmi ahihnak leh atupna uh ahihi.Kawl mi himhim kuamah muanding omlo lua kisa, khuataw lui a, singphung khat hongmuang ing cilehang nisat teh niliap bel in, ki omthei lai ding hi.Man nei zawlai ding hi.
A beisa a kipan in,tuni dongciang Kawlgam buaina pen, Democracy problem hizenzen lo hi.Democracy aphiat mai kawlte mah hi.Galkap kumpi athuak lahmanbek ahihi.Kawlgam suahtakna ngahmasakhunlai in, Democracy tawh kiuk hi a,suahtakna ngahzawh kum 10 cing leh Democracy thupai dantawh kituak in, mualtungmi te utleh kigawmlai ding utkeileh pusuak in,ei leh ei kiukding cih pen tuni in, Democracy cici a, a awng kaka ten' theihloh bawl in,kitelnaneng bangneng tawh hongkhem sawmsawm lai uh hi.
Kawlgam buaina pipen mualtungmi te Panglong agreement bang in paikhiat theihna thu hangbek ahihi.Tua hi a,tuta dih in, SDPC gakkap Uital te kiangpan ih suahtak masak a, thudam tawh ih kihopih theihding kawl democracy a awngawng te tawh ( sing omloh na ah gua kizangthei ) cihdan in,ih kipawlloh aphamawh phot ahihi.Kei Tedim mi hikeng cih tepawlsang in, kei kawlgam mi hi zenzen keng, ka gam ka mi om hi,kawl ten' kagam leh kami te zuauthu leh ngian bekbek tawh hongkhemkhem, hong simmawh hi ing ei!!!!!!!! cih ih kitelmahmah ding thupi zaw hi.
A tawpna ah Zomi te maban pen, Kawl tetawh kipawllaiding maw.( kum 51 sung kawlte lungsim na telbek nai hiam ) ei leh ei paikhia ding?Kawl te tawh kipawlleng metna bangteng om ding?. Ei leh ei hileng bangteng metna omding cih tebek athupi hi.Ei leh ei ihgam leitang ah Democracy, Communism, Socialism, UKpi, Zogam law cihbang in ihgamsung mipi tetawh akituak kiukna tawh ihkiuk ding ahihi.Common language pen ihbawlding ahihi.Paunam hau mahmah lel inhihman in, lai namcing, pau namcing ki hi lelding hi.Thukician mattheihding khatzong omlopi in, kum 51 Zogam kawlte in hong ukcip, hong guksak, hong nenniam nate Ei leh ei ihkiuk niciang,leiba sikkikding hi hang.Minam ading sisan, nuntakna, tha leh ngal abeite tua niteh mawksuak hetloding hi.Thaman ngahkikding hi.Zomi te tangthu Zomi ihhihna tawh theihding thuhi.Kepcing dingzong ahihi. Kawlgam mi nahih lohlam ki tel in, nang pen leitung piancil akipan asuakta ngiat minam ZOMI na hihna kiptak in len in.
Na mabanding kipan ta in.... It Zogam leh Zomi.
--
Tg.Zogam Mungno
“Khimpi ziin zi’n, Khapi kiat ni’n,
Khawlkhip ah Khawlkhen ah,Khawlzang ah “
“ Khul vangah hong suah ta teh”
Ka khuhpi, Ka phahpi, a kulhpi ka lung zai( suangpi)
Ka siampa, ka Pasian…”
4960 Edmondson Pike Apt T - 17
Nashville,TN,37211,USA
Cell : 615 354 2008
THU PHA NGAH MINAM
A masa in Zomi te ih khang tangthu ih ki etkik ding hongkisam masa hi.Ih pu ih pa te nasep sate enkik in ei khangthak te in, ih mabanding ki muthei panding hi.
First Zomi War December. 7, 1888
Zomi galhang te in, British galkap te nazo ngawp uh a, kalaymyo ciangdong notsuk uh hi.
http://www.geocities.com/sizangfashion_4u/History_channel.html?1148082101628
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_165
World War ( 1 )hun in Tedim leh Tonzang gam pan Zomi tangval 3000 in, British te nuntakna tawh nahuh uh hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_181
World War ( 2 )hun in, Zomi te British te khutnuai ah kiom in, ei leh ei buaina omlo in, hong ki uksak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_182
Fed, 12, 1947 kum in, Zogam pan Pu Hlur Mung, Pu Thawng Za Khup leh Pu Kio Mang te in, Shangam Panglong khuapi ah, kawlgam suahtakna ding suai nakaai uh hi.
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
January , 04, 1948 kum in Kawlgam bup suahtakna British te khutnuai pan kingah hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Independence_Burma,_1947-1962
Febuary, 20, 1948 kum in, amasa pen Zomi nam ni ( Chin National Day ) Falam khuapi ah kibawl hi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_38
1960 kum in, Pu Tun Kho Pum in United Chin Government hong phutkhia a, Bangladest gam pan in, Zogam suahtakna ding galvan la zeel in, atawpna ah, Pu Lal Deng ( MNF) te in, ngian tawh galvan teng sutbaan ah mulkim huai tak in , Zomi galkap hangsan te tampitak tawh hong thahlup sak uh hi.
http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/2004_news_reports/105
1964 kum in Pu Thual Zen in, Anti- Communist Freedom Organization hongphuan khia a, Thauvui thautang kicinloh na leh tua hun laitak kawl kumpi leh India kumpi te galmat kikhek tuahna in, kawl te khuplum mahtawh hong sihsan hi.
1988 kum in ZNC party mintawh Pu Chin Sian Thang leh Pu Thang Lian Pau in kuang hong luikhia a,Tedim gunngal leh Tonzang gam teng ah ZNC party in gualzawhna hongnei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomi_National_Congress
1993 kum in, Pu Thang Khan Gin in, ZORO hong phuankhia a, Mizoram leh Manipur a om Zo minam te politics lam mitkeuh sak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_245
http://manipuronline.com/Interviews/August2006/zoro27_1.htm
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_213
April, 1993 kum in, Kachin gam Phapian khua ah,ZRO Zomi Re-unification Organization kiphuankhia hi.Hih ZRO tawh ki ton in Zomi Revolutionary Army zong kiphuan khawm pah a, tuni tan ciang gam leh minam ading pan lato lai uhhi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_32
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agoOjtUIUSM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geS3c43l6Ek&feature=related
Hih atung athute pen abeisa pan kipan tuniciang dong Zomi khangthu a kizom tosuak hi a,ih theihloh aphamawh akisam thu ahihi.Tuni khangthak Zomi te maban kikum to tading hi hang.
Ei mite pen Tibet to Burma suante ih hi a, Burma history ih et suksuk kik ciang in, amasapen Pyu minam te kihi ding cih 78% bang lamet naom hi.Nidang akipan kawlgam sung ah kumpi tampi in Ukna a neihhang in, kuamah khutnuai ah Zomi leh Zogam na om ngeilo hi.Hih anuai ah kawlgam kumpi tuamtuam te azawhna gamlim te ki muthei a,kikan kikthei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma#Shan_States_.281287-1557.29
Leitung mihing akici namkhat beek in cikmah a, a uk ngeiloh Zomi te ihhi a, ei leh ei a kiuk, aki van minam te ih hihi.Namdang mi ahi mikang British te in leitung gam hong kekkek natawh kiton in,India lam pan hong do toto te in, Manipur leh Lushei hill ( Mizoram) ciang hongzo to a,ahizong in, Kawlgam pan hong do toto mikang British te in,kawlgam buppi alak khit, azawh ngawp dikdek khit teh Zogam atawpna ah hong douh a, galvanzat ki kimloh nahang in aki lel bek ahihi.Ih lung sim leh ih hangsan nate Mikang tenzong hong phazo tuanlo uh hi.
Alamdang mahmah Zomi leh Zogam tawh kisai in, First World War pen nasiatak in ki do uh a, Zomi te akihel ciang in, gal veng hi.Second World War zong British te leh Japan te ki do tawpna Zogam hong tun teh galveng leuleu hi.Kawlgam bup suahtak na ding in,a ngelngel uhhang piang thei tuanlo a, Kachin te, Shan te zong hanciam na pi' apian zawh mahmah loh ciang in, Zomi te atun teh thu ki vaihawm theikik pan hi. Kawlgam suahtak zawh a sawtnailo in, Karen ( Dek) minam te khuaibang honghang uh a, Zomi te hong kipat teh galveng leuleu hi.Hih thute pen Zomi te,Pasian hongpiak tuamngiat Secreat ahihi.
Kuama khutnuai ah aomngeilo Zomi tepen Meitei galhang mahmah a kici 1500 khawng, Pu Kam Hau uksung Tedim hong simsawm uh a, Tedim zong tungman lo in, gallel in ciahkik uh hi.Tuhun ciang in galvan kim kinei ciat a, 2001 May, 15 ni-in, Thanlon khua ah Zogam galkap ZRA te 23 bek pen Meitei galkap UNLF 170 in umcip in, akap cip hang PM 3:00 hun in, ZRA ten delhmang kik hi.Meitei ten cikmah hun in Zomite zongeilo ding uh hi.( Zomi te tangthu tawm )
http://tongsannews.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/zomi-te-khang-tangthu-atom-kanna/
A lainat huai mahmah leh a cikzet huai mahmah Zomi te dinmun, khim hongzing taktak ta.... India pan hongsim toto mikang te in, Lushei hill leh Manipur teng a zawh khitteh, Kawlgam pan hongsim toto te in, Zogam zong hong zoto uh hi.A hizong suah leh tum a agualzo England kumpi mah hina pin,minam khat teng gamkhat in honguk lo in, suahlam Kawlgam pan leh tumlam India pan hong uk se uh a,Zogam luzang pan in, phelnih hongsuah suk sakmawk uh hi.Hih pen ih minam hihna ih gam neihna hong satkhap na lianpi ahihi.Mikang te in ih gam hong phelkhap ban ah, asung a om neihsa lamsa khempeuh a deihdeih uh hong laksak lai in, na khempeuh amau ut bangbang in hong control lai uh hi.Tulai tak Zomi te atamzaw Christian ih suahna thu zong ataktak in, England gam pan missionary hongpai khatzong omlo a, USA gam bek pan vive a hihi.England te hong deihsak hong pantah nuam taktak hi leh tulaitak in, Anglicanism pawlpi kiom ding hi.Ngaihsun kikkik leng ana veve mah hi.Tuahun in Sak leh khang hong phelkhap kei leh tuni in, Zogam pen, india ah maw!Burma lam ah maw!(or) ei leh ei maw! cihtawh gamkhat ah ih omkhawm khinta ding hi.
Zomi Pu leh Pa te in, Mikang te khutnuai pan nasuakta nuam mahmah tauh ahihman in,suahtak theihnang lampi nazongta uh hi.Galpi nihna hongveng lian leh leitung gam tuamtuam te in amau gamciat suahtak theihnalampi hong omtek ahihman in,ei leh ei a ding kipzo nailo, mualtung mite in,bang ci panlakding cih nakpitak in ngaihsun uh hi.Tua laitak in, kawlgam pan Aungsan makaihna tawh Kawlgam suahtaknading lampi om in, Kawlte tawh kipawl in, mikang te khutnuaipan suahtakna lakhawmleng cih IDEA hong muta uh hi.Ahizong in kawl minam tetawh kipawlnading in, ngaihsut ding thutampi om ahihman in, kawlminam ten hong nenniam cip kha leh cihnatawh Kachinte leh Shante tawh thu kikum phot in, Kawl te tawh amasa in suahtakna lamasa ding!!!!! tuakhit kum 10 encik ding in, ih utleh ei leh ei gamkhat in dingkikding cih tupnatawh Zomi, Kachin, Shan tein Panglong agreement ah suai nakai uh hi.
Kumsawm cing cihthadah kawlte in Panglong Agreement abeimang nading tupna in, suahtakna zong ngahman nailopi July. 19. 1947 kum in, Aungsan leh ulian pi teng hong thahlupsak hi.Kawlgam in suahtakna ngahding kician mahmah ta ahihman in, suahtak na ngahlian leh kawlminam te'n autbang in ukcipding, mualtung mite pusuaksak vetloding cih atupna bulpi ahihi.A hizong in, Kawl ngian mah ih cidiam thakhat in hong hihsawm lo in, tawmtawm in hongkipan uh a, akilawmsak na in,The First President ahi Sao Shwe Thaik ( Shan te hi a 1948- 1952 ) pen Time khat kum 4 bek uksak in, tua akipan U NU leh Ni Win kipawl in, kumsawm cingma himhim in Federation aphiat mengmeng nading ngian tuamtuam zongin hongkipan touh hi.Kum sawm ci'n 1958 kum ciang in mualtung mite pusuaktheihding hunta mah leh Ni Win in, galkap thuneihna tawh Shan ukpite man in,bangmah atangthei lodingin abawlciang in, Kum 10 cin Panglong agreement pen suahtakna omlo, kawlminam te khutnuai ah cikziat huaitak in hong lutkikta hi.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/12589343/zomi-namni-2009
http://www.aungsan.com/gallery.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma
1962 kumciang in Ni Win in atupna a tangtun nading in, Communish gal leh Dek gal te paulap in, kawmgam state te akitap lohding cihbek mitsuan in, thuneih natawh kawlgam bup hongla leuleu in, U NU nangawn thu in simlo hi.Ni Win in , atupna ahi,amah mimal ANNA akipnading hong hanciam leuleu a, SOCIALISM min vawhpong( paulap) in, mualtung mite hongkhem leuleu hi.A khemsuk khemto zong in, mualtung mite deihna khatzong sepsaklo ahihman in, CIVIL war tawh nisim galdo in, alangkhat ah BCP Burma Communish Party tezong si lelkhop veve hi.Tua hunlai in, Zomi te in, Kawlte ngian theilo in, kawlgam ading nuntakna tampi na piakhia hi.Tua hunlai in kawl mipi inzong,Ni Win Socialism Party pen panpih uh hi.Bang hanghiam cih leh kawlte in mualtung mite apusuak dinguh haza uh hi.A hizong in, Kawl minam te mahmahzong Ni Win in, nadawm tuanlo in,na that ziahziah lel ahihman in,kawlmipi ten deihlohna hong ompan a, tuama in, bangmah paulo uh hi.
Ni Win ahai man in, ama angsungbek khual keihen la, kawlmi te hamphatna dingbek bawl leh amah kuaman langdo hetlo ding hina pi, ANNA bek ngaihsun mawk ahihman in, 1988 ciang in,kawl mipi te in, amah deihnawn lo in,hong langdo tauh hi.Kawl te in Democracy ci in, a awtawt uhhang in,amau Democracy pen kawlminam te bek in, kawlgam ukcip ding cih Democracy ahihi.Galkap kumpi athuakzawhloh manbek hi a, Panglong agreement bang in, kum 10 khitteh paikhiat ding tuni dong kawlte mimal khatciat na dong leucin, hong phal hetloding hi.A mau phalleh phalloh tawh kisai peuhmah lo in, 1958 - 2009 = 51 ( Kum 51 ) sung kawlmi te in, ILLEGAL in honguk uh ahihi.Ihlung sim kikhel nading in, State peuh, Division peuh, Capital city peuh, Zato peuh, Sang inn peuh akilawmsak na in, hong piapongmawk a,kawlmi te sang' ih pilzawk ding,ih siamzawk ding, ih hauhzawkding lau in, baikna lam pan ahizong, kampau lampan ahizong, lailampan ahizong,focus tuamtuam pan,mualtung mite Chance khatzong hong pialo uhhi.
Banghang hongpia lo???? Amau sang pilzaw theizaw leng,Panglong agreement tangtung ding hiven..Tua hang in, U NU bang suuk lua kisa kawlgam bup Buddhism suaksak nuam in, hongkipan a, Kachin te gamsung lutlian ahihman in, tawm hongkhiam bek ahihi. Tuabek hilo in, tunidong, kawlgam ah Channel khatbek zang in, news paper khatbek mahzang in, kawllai namkhat bek zanglai a, kawllai munkhempeuh ah sinsak hi.Mualtungmi te laileh pau gambup ah sinsak cihthadah, ih lai ih pau abeimang nading in, nisim in, panla den in, tuppi in neiuh hi.Tua nangawn hawmthawh lai in, kawlmi khat in, Zomi or mualtung mikhat zi in aneih leh cihbanga kipan Central Secreat in neita zen uh hi.
Kawl gam ah Kawlmi bek omding, namdang teng beicipding, paudang zangloding, laidang zangloding, nakhempeuh kawlte khutnuai ah omding cihpen, bangmi bangmi hongkhang zongin, Kawlmi ahihnak leh atupna uh ahihi.Kawl mi himhim kuamah muanding omlo lua kisa, khuataw lui a, singphung khat hongmuang ing cilehang nisat teh niliap bel in, ki omthei lai ding hi.Man nei zawlai ding hi.
A beisa a kipan in,tuni dongciang Kawlgam buaina pen, Democracy problem hizenzen lo hi.Democracy aphiat mai kawlte mah hi.Galkap kumpi athuak lahmanbek ahihi.Kawlgam suahtakna ngahmasakhunlai in, Democracy tawh kiuk hi a,suahtakna ngahzawh kum 10 cing leh Democracy thupai dantawh kituak in, mualtungmi te utleh kigawmlai ding utkeileh pusuak in,ei leh ei kiukding cih pen tuni in, Democracy cici a, a awng kaka ten' theihloh bawl in,kitelnaneng bangneng tawh hongkhem sawmsawm lai uh hi.
Kawlgam buaina pipen mualtungmi te Panglong agreement bang in paikhiat theihna thu hangbek ahihi.Tua hi a,tuta dih in, SDPC gakkap Uital te kiangpan ih suahtak masak a, thudam tawh ih kihopih theihding kawl democracy a awngawng te tawh ( sing omloh na ah gua kizangthei ) cihdan in,ih kipawlloh aphamawh phot ahihi.Kei Tedim mi hikeng cih tepawlsang in, kei kawlgam mi hi zenzen keng, ka gam ka mi om hi,kawl ten' kagam leh kami te zuauthu leh ngian bekbek tawh hongkhemkhem, hong simmawh hi ing ei!!!!!!!! cih ih kitelmahmah ding thupi zaw hi.
A tawpna ah Zomi te maban pen, Kawl tetawh kipawllaiding maw.( kum 51 sung kawlte lungsim na telbek nai hiam ) ei leh ei paikhia ding?Kawl te tawh kipawlleng metna bangteng om ding?. Ei leh ei hileng bangteng metna omding cih tebek athupi hi.Ei leh ei ihgam leitang ah Democracy, Communism, Socialism, UKpi, Zogam law cihbang in ihgamsung mipi tetawh akituak kiukna tawh ihkiuk ding ahihi.Common language pen ihbawlding ahihi.Paunam hau mahmah lel inhihman in, lai namcing, pau namcing ki hi lelding hi.Thukician mattheihding khatzong omlopi in, kum 51 Zogam kawlte in hong ukcip, hong guksak, hong nenniam nate Ei leh ei ihkiuk niciang,leiba sikkikding hi hang.Minam ading sisan, nuntakna, tha leh ngal abeite tua niteh mawksuak hetloding hi.Thaman ngahkikding hi.Zomi te tangthu Zomi ihhihna tawh theihding thuhi.Kepcing dingzong ahihi. Kawlgam mi nahih lohlam ki tel in, nang pen leitung piancil akipan asuakta ngiat minam ZOMI na hihna kiptak in len in.
Na mabanding kipan ta in.... It Zogam leh Zomi.
--
Tg.Zogam Mungno
“Khimpi ziin zi’n, Khapi kiat ni’n,
Khawlkhip ah Khawlkhen ah,Khawlzang ah “
“ Khul vangah hong suah ta teh”
Ka khuhpi, Ka phahpi, a kulhpi ka lung zai( suangpi)
Ka siampa, ka Pasian…”
4960 Edmondson Pike Apt T - 17
Nashville,TN,37211,USA
Cell : 615 354 2008
THU PHA NGAH MINAM
Zomi Galhang Nam hi
ZOMI TE MABAN
A masa in Zomi te ih khang tangthu ih ki etkik ding hongkisam masa hi.Ih pu ih pa te nasep sate enkik in ei khangthak te in, ih mabanding ki muthei panding hi.
First Zomi War December. 7, 1888
Zomi galhang te in, British galkap te nazo ngawp uh a, kalaymyo ciangdong notsuk uh hi.
http://www.geocities.com/sizangfashion_4u/History_channel.html?1148082101628
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_165
World War ( 1 )hun in Tedim leh Tonzang gam pan Zomi tangval 3000 in, British te nuntakna tawh nahuh uh hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_181
World War ( 2 )hun in, Zomi te British te khutnuai ah kiom in, ei leh ei buaina omlo in, hong ki uksak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_182
Fed, 12, 1947 kum in, Zogam pan Pu Hlur Mung, Pu Thawng Za Khup leh Pu Kio Mang te in, Shangam Panglong khuapi ah, kawlgam suahtakna ding suai nakaai uh hi.
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
January , 04, 1948 kum in Kawlgam bup suahtakna British te khutnuai pan kingah hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Independence_Burma,_1947-1962
Febuary, 20, 1948 kum in, amasa pen Zomi nam ni ( Chin National Day ) Falam khuapi ah kibawl hi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_38
1960 kum in, Pu Tun Kho Pum in United Chin Government hong phutkhia a, Bangladest gam pan in, Zogam suahtakna ding galvan la zeel in, atawpna ah, Pu Lal Deng ( MNF) te in, ngian tawh galvan teng sutbaan ah mulkim huai tak in , Zomi galkap hangsan te tampitak tawh hong thahlup sak uh hi.
http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/2004_news_reports/105
1964 kum in Pu Thual Zen in, Anti- Communist Freedom Organization hongphuan khia a, Thauvui thautang kicinloh na leh tua hun laitak kawl kumpi leh India kumpi te galmat kikhek tuahna in, kawl te khuplum mahtawh hong sihsan hi.
1988 kum in ZNC party mintawh Pu Chin Sian Thang leh Pu Thang Lian Pau in kuang hong luikhia a,Tedim gunngal leh Tonzang gam teng ah ZNC party in gualzawhna hongnei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomi_National_Congress
1993 kum in, Pu Thang Khan Gin in, ZORO hong phuankhia a, Mizoram leh Manipur a om Zo minam te politics lam mitkeuh sak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_245
http://manipuronline.com/Interviews/August2006/zoro27_1.htm
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_213
April, 1993 kum in, Kachin gam Phapian khua ah,ZRO Zomi Re-unification Organization kiphuankhia hi.Hih ZRO tawh ki ton in Zomi Revolutionary Army zong kiphuan khawm pah a, tuni tan ciang gam leh minam ading pan lato lai uhhi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_32
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agoOjtUIUSM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geS3c43l6Ek&feature=related
Hih atung athute pen abeisa pan kipan tuniciang dong Zomi khangthu a kizom tosuak hi a,ih theihloh aphamawh akisam thu ahihi.Tuni khangthak Zomi te maban kikum to tading hi hang.
Ei mite pen Tibet to Burma suante ih hi a, Burma history ih et suksuk kik ciang in, amasapen Pyu minam te kihi ding cih 78% bang lamet naom hi.Nidang akipan kawlgam sung ah kumpi tampi in Ukna a neihhang in, kuamah khutnuai ah Zomi leh Zogam na om ngeilo hi.Hih anuai ah kawlgam kumpi tuamtuam te azawhna gamlim te ki muthei a,kikan kikthei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma#Shan_States_.281287-1557.29
Leitung mihing akici namkhat beek in cikmah a, a uk ngeiloh Zomi te ihhi a, ei leh ei a kiuk, aki van minam te ih hihi.Namdang mi ahi mikang British te in leitung gam hong kekkek natawh kiton in,India lam pan hong do toto te in, Manipur leh Lushei hill ( Mizoram) ciang hongzo to a,ahizong in, Kawlgam pan hong do toto mikang British te in,kawlgam buppi alak khit, azawh ngawp dikdek khit teh Zogam atawpna ah hong douh a, galvanzat ki kimloh nahang in aki lel bek ahihi.Ih lung sim leh ih hangsan nate Mikang tenzong hong phazo tuanlo uh hi.
Alamdang mahmah Zomi leh Zogam tawh kisai in, First World War pen nasiatak in ki do uh a, Zomi te akihel ciang in, gal veng hi.Second World War zong British te leh Japan te ki do tawpna Zogam hong tun teh galveng leuleu hi.Kawlgam bup suahtak na ding in,a ngelngel uhhang piang thei tuanlo a, Kachin te, Shan te zong hanciam na pi' apian zawh mahmah loh ciang in, Zomi te atun teh thu ki vaihawm theikik pan hi. Kawlgam suahtak zawh a sawtnailo in, Karen ( Dek) minam te khuaibang honghang uh a, Zomi te hong kipat teh galveng leuleu hi.Hih thute pen Zomi te,Pasian hongpiak tuamngiat Secreat ahihi.
Kuama khutnuai ah aomngeilo Zomi tepen Meitei galhang mahmah a kici 1500 khawng, Pu Kam Hau uksung Tedim hong simsawm uh a, Tedim zong tungman lo in, gallel in ciahkik uh hi.Tuhun ciang in galvan kim kinei ciat a, 2001 May, 15 ni-in, Thanlon khua ah Zogam galkap ZRA te 23 bek pen Meitei galkap UNLF 170 in umcip in, akap cip hang PM 3:00 hun in, ZRA ten delhmang kik hi.Meitei ten cikmah hun in Zomite zongeilo ding uh hi.( Zomi te tangthu tawm )
http://tongsannews.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/zomi-te-khang-tangthu-atom-kanna/
A lainat huai mahmah leh a cikzet huai mahmah Zomi te dinmun, khim hongzing taktak ta.... India pan hongsim toto mikang te in, Lushei hill leh Manipur teng a zawh khitteh, Kawlgam pan hongsim toto te in, Zogam zong hong zoto uh hi.A hizong suah leh tum a agualzo England kumpi mah hina pin,minam khat teng gamkhat in honguk lo in, suahlam Kawlgam pan leh tumlam India pan hong uk se uh a,Zogam luzang pan in, phelnih hongsuah suk sakmawk uh hi.Hih pen ih minam hihna ih gam neihna hong satkhap na lianpi ahihi.Mikang te in ih gam hong phelkhap ban ah, asung a om neihsa lamsa khempeuh a deihdeih uh hong laksak lai in, na khempeuh amau ut bangbang in hong control lai uh hi.Tulai tak Zomi te atamzaw Christian ih suahna thu zong ataktak in, England gam pan missionary hongpai khatzong omlo a, USA gam bek pan vive a hihi.England te hong deihsak hong pantah nuam taktak hi leh tulaitak in, Anglicanism pawlpi kiom ding hi.Ngaihsun kikkik leng ana veve mah hi.Tuahun in Sak leh khang hong phelkhap kei leh tuni in, Zogam pen, india ah maw!Burma lam ah maw!(or) ei leh ei maw! cihtawh gamkhat ah ih omkhawm khinta ding hi.
Zomi Pu leh Pa te in, Mikang te khutnuai pan nasuakta nuam mahmah tauh ahihman in,suahtak theihnang lampi nazongta uh hi.Galpi nihna hongveng lian leh leitung gam tuamtuam te in amau gamciat suahtak theihnalampi hong omtek ahihman in,ei leh ei a ding kipzo nailo, mualtung mite in,bang ci panlakding cih nakpitak in ngaihsun uh hi.Tua laitak in, kawlgam pan Aungsan makaihna tawh Kawlgam suahtaknading lampi om in, Kawlte tawh kipawl in, mikang te khutnuaipan suahtakna lakhawmleng cih IDEA hong muta uh hi.Ahizong in kawl minam tetawh kipawlnading in, ngaihsut ding thutampi om ahihman in, kawlminam ten hong nenniam cip kha leh cihnatawh Kachinte leh Shante tawh thu kikum phot in, Kawl te tawh amasa in suahtakna lamasa ding!!!!! tuakhit kum 10 encik ding in, ih utleh ei leh ei gamkhat in dingkikding cih tupnatawh Zomi, Kachin, Shan tein Panglong agreement ah suai nakai uh hi.
Kumsawm cing cihthadah kawlte in Panglong Agreement abeimang nading tupna in, suahtakna zong ngahman nailopi July. 19. 1947 kum in, Aungsan leh ulian pi teng hong thahlupsak hi.Kawlgam in suahtakna ngahding kician mahmah ta ahihman in, suahtak na ngahlian leh kawlminam te'n autbang in ukcipding, mualtung mite pusuaksak vetloding cih atupna bulpi ahihi.A hizong in, Kawl ngian mah ih cidiam thakhat in hong hihsawm lo in, tawmtawm in hongkipan uh a, akilawmsak na in,The First President ahi Sao Shwe Thaik ( Shan te hi a 1948- 1952 ) pen Time khat kum 4 bek uksak in, tua akipan U NU leh Ni Win kipawl in, kumsawm cingma himhim in Federation aphiat mengmeng nading ngian tuamtuam zongin hongkipan touh hi.Kum sawm ci'n 1958 kum ciang in mualtung mite pusuaktheihding hunta mah leh Ni Win in, galkap thuneihna tawh Shan ukpite man in,bangmah atangthei lodingin abawlciang in, Kum 10 cin Panglong agreement pen suahtakna omlo, kawlminam te khutnuai ah cikziat huaitak in hong lutkikta hi.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/12589343/zomi-namni-2009
http://www.aungsan.com/gallery.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma
1962 kumciang in Ni Win in atupna a tangtun nading in, Communish gal leh Dek gal te paulap in, kawmgam state te akitap lohding cihbek mitsuan in, thuneih natawh kawlgam bup hongla leuleu in, U NU nangawn thu in simlo hi.Ni Win in , atupna ahi,amah mimal ANNA akipnading hong hanciam leuleu a, SOCIALISM min vawhpong( paulap) in, mualtung mite hongkhem leuleu hi.A khemsuk khemto zong in, mualtung mite deihna khatzong sepsaklo ahihman in, CIVIL war tawh nisim galdo in, alangkhat ah BCP Burma Communish Party tezong si lelkhop veve hi.Tua hunlai in, Zomi te in, Kawlte ngian theilo in, kawlgam ading nuntakna tampi na piakhia hi.Tua hunlai in kawl mipi inzong,Ni Win Socialism Party pen panpih uh hi.Bang hanghiam cih leh kawlte in mualtung mite apusuak dinguh haza uh hi.A hizong in, Kawl minam te mahmahzong Ni Win in, nadawm tuanlo in,na that ziahziah lel ahihman in,kawlmipi ten deihlohna hong ompan a, tuama in, bangmah paulo uh hi.
Ni Win ahai man in, ama angsungbek khual keihen la, kawlmi te hamphatna dingbek bawl leh amah kuaman langdo hetlo ding hina pi, ANNA bek ngaihsun mawk ahihman in, 1988 ciang in,kawl mipi te in, amah deihnawn lo in,hong langdo tauh hi.Kawl te in Democracy ci in, a awtawt uhhang in,amau Democracy pen kawlminam te bek in, kawlgam ukcip ding cih Democracy ahihi.Galkap kumpi athuakzawhloh manbek hi a, Panglong agreement bang in, kum 10 khitteh paikhiat ding tuni dong kawlte mimal khatciat na dong leucin, hong phal hetloding hi.A mau phalleh phalloh tawh kisai peuhmah lo in, 1958 - 2009 = 51 ( Kum 51 ) sung kawlmi te in, ILLEGAL in honguk uh ahihi.Ihlung sim kikhel nading in, State peuh, Division peuh, Capital city peuh, Zato peuh, Sang inn peuh akilawmsak na in, hong piapongmawk a,kawlmi te sang' ih pilzawk ding,ih siamzawk ding, ih hauhzawkding lau in, baikna lam pan ahizong, kampau lampan ahizong, lailampan ahizong,focus tuamtuam pan,mualtung mite Chance khatzong hong pialo uhhi.
Banghang hongpia lo???? Amau sang pilzaw theizaw leng,Panglong agreement tangtung ding hiven..Tua hang in, U NU bang suuk lua kisa kawlgam bup Buddhism suaksak nuam in, hongkipan a, Kachin te gamsung lutlian ahihman in, tawm hongkhiam bek ahihi. Tuabek hilo in, tunidong, kawlgam ah Channel khatbek zang in, news paper khatbek mahzang in, kawllai namkhat bek zanglai a, kawllai munkhempeuh ah sinsak hi.Mualtungmi te laileh pau gambup ah sinsak cihthadah, ih lai ih pau abeimang nading in, nisim in, panla den in, tuppi in neiuh hi.Tua nangawn hawmthawh lai in, kawlmi khat in, Zomi or mualtung mikhat zi in aneih leh cihbanga kipan Central Secreat in neita zen uh hi.
Kawl gam ah Kawlmi bek omding, namdang teng beicipding, paudang zangloding, laidang zangloding, nakhempeuh kawlte khutnuai ah omding cihpen, bangmi bangmi hongkhang zongin, Kawlmi ahihnak leh atupna uh ahihi.Kawl mi himhim kuamah muanding omlo lua kisa, khuataw lui a, singphung khat hongmuang ing cilehang nisat teh niliap bel in, ki omthei lai ding hi.Man nei zawlai ding hi.
A beisa a kipan in,tuni dongciang Kawlgam buaina pen, Democracy problem hizenzen lo hi.Democracy aphiat mai kawlte mah hi.Galkap kumpi athuak lahmanbek ahihi.Kawlgam suahtakna ngahmasakhunlai in, Democracy tawh kiuk hi a,suahtakna ngahzawh kum 10 cing leh Democracy thupai dantawh kituak in, mualtungmi te utleh kigawmlai ding utkeileh pusuak in,ei leh ei kiukding cih pen tuni in, Democracy cici a, a awng kaka ten' theihloh bawl in,kitelnaneng bangneng tawh hongkhem sawmsawm lai uh hi.
Kawlgam buaina pipen mualtungmi te Panglong agreement bang in paikhiat theihna thu hangbek ahihi.Tua hi a,tuta dih in, SDPC gakkap Uital te kiangpan ih suahtak masak a, thudam tawh ih kihopih theihding kawl democracy a awngawng te tawh ( sing omloh na ah gua kizangthei ) cihdan in,ih kipawlloh aphamawh phot ahihi.Kei Tedim mi hikeng cih tepawlsang in, kei kawlgam mi hi zenzen keng, ka gam ka mi om hi,kawl ten' kagam leh kami te zuauthu leh ngian bekbek tawh hongkhemkhem, hong simmawh hi ing ei!!!!!!!! cih ih kitelmahmah ding thupi zaw hi.
A tawpna ah Zomi te maban pen, Kawl tetawh kipawllaiding maw.( kum 51 sung kawlte lungsim na telbek nai hiam ) ei leh ei paikhia ding?Kawl te tawh kipawlleng metna bangteng om ding?. Ei leh ei hileng bangteng metna omding cih tebek athupi hi.Ei leh ei ihgam leitang ah Democracy, Communism, Socialism, UKpi, Zogam law cihbang in ihgamsung mipi tetawh akituak kiukna tawh ihkiuk ding ahihi.Common language pen ihbawlding ahihi.Paunam hau mahmah lel inhihman in, lai namcing, pau namcing ki hi lelding hi.Thukician mattheihding khatzong omlopi in, kum 51 Zogam kawlte in hong ukcip, hong guksak, hong nenniam nate Ei leh ei ihkiuk niciang,leiba sikkikding hi hang.Minam ading sisan, nuntakna, tha leh ngal abeite tua niteh mawksuak hetloding hi.Thaman ngahkikding hi.Zomi te tangthu Zomi ihhihna tawh theihding thuhi.Kepcing dingzong ahihi. Kawlgam mi nahih lohlam ki tel in, nang pen leitung piancil akipan asuakta ngiat minam ZOMI na hihna kiptak in len in.
Na mabanding kipan ta in.... It Zogam leh Zomi.
--
Tg.Zogam Mungno
“Khimpi ziin zi’n, Khapi kiat ni’n,
Khawlkhip ah Khawlkhen ah,Khawlzang ah “
“ Khul vangah hong suah ta teh”
Ka khuhpi, Ka phahpi, a kulhpi ka lung zai( suangpi)
Ka siampa, ka Pasian…”
4960 Edmondson Pike Apt T - 17
Nashville,TN,37211,USA
Cell : 615 354 2008
THU PHA NGAH MINAM
A masa in Zomi te ih khang tangthu ih ki etkik ding hongkisam masa hi.Ih pu ih pa te nasep sate enkik in ei khangthak te in, ih mabanding ki muthei panding hi.
First Zomi War December. 7, 1888
Zomi galhang te in, British galkap te nazo ngawp uh a, kalaymyo ciangdong notsuk uh hi.
http://www.geocities.com/sizangfashion_4u/History_channel.html?1148082101628
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_165
World War ( 1 )hun in Tedim leh Tonzang gam pan Zomi tangval 3000 in, British te nuntakna tawh nahuh uh hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_181
World War ( 2 )hun in, Zomi te British te khutnuai ah kiom in, ei leh ei buaina omlo in, hong ki uksak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/history.asp?article=history_182
Fed, 12, 1947 kum in, Zogam pan Pu Hlur Mung, Pu Thawng Za Khup leh Pu Kio Mang te in, Shangam Panglong khuapi ah, kawlgam suahtakna ding suai nakaai uh hi.
http://burmalibrary.org/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
January , 04, 1948 kum in Kawlgam bup suahtakna British te khutnuai pan kingah hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Independence_Burma,_1947-1962
Febuary, 20, 1948 kum in, amasa pen Zomi nam ni ( Chin National Day ) Falam khuapi ah kibawl hi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_38
1960 kum in, Pu Tun Kho Pum in United Chin Government hong phutkhia a, Bangladest gam pan in, Zogam suahtakna ding galvan la zeel in, atawpna ah, Pu Lal Deng ( MNF) te in, ngian tawh galvan teng sutbaan ah mulkim huai tak in , Zomi galkap hangsan te tampitak tawh hong thahlup sak uh hi.
http://www.chinlandguardian.com/index.php/2004_news_reports/105
1964 kum in Pu Thual Zen in, Anti- Communist Freedom Organization hongphuan khia a, Thauvui thautang kicinloh na leh tua hun laitak kawl kumpi leh India kumpi te galmat kikhek tuahna in, kawl te khuplum mahtawh hong sihsan hi.
1988 kum in ZNC party mintawh Pu Chin Sian Thang leh Pu Thang Lian Pau in kuang hong luikhia a,Tedim gunngal leh Tonzang gam teng ah ZNC party in gualzawhna hongnei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zomi_National_Congress
1993 kum in, Pu Thang Khan Gin in, ZORO hong phuankhia a, Mizoram leh Manipur a om Zo minam te politics lam mitkeuh sak hi.
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_245
http://manipuronline.com/Interviews/August2006/zoro27_1.htm
http://www.zogam.org/documents.asp?article=documents_213
April, 1993 kum in, Kachin gam Phapian khua ah,ZRO Zomi Re-unification Organization kiphuankhia hi.Hih ZRO tawh ki ton in Zomi Revolutionary Army zong kiphuan khawm pah a, tuni tan ciang gam leh minam ading pan lato lai uhhi.
http://www.zogam.org/organisation.asp?article=organisation_32
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agoOjtUIUSM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geS3c43l6Ek&feature=related
Hih atung athute pen abeisa pan kipan tuniciang dong Zomi khangthu a kizom tosuak hi a,ih theihloh aphamawh akisam thu ahihi.Tuni khangthak Zomi te maban kikum to tading hi hang.
Ei mite pen Tibet to Burma suante ih hi a, Burma history ih et suksuk kik ciang in, amasapen Pyu minam te kihi ding cih 78% bang lamet naom hi.Nidang akipan kawlgam sung ah kumpi tampi in Ukna a neihhang in, kuamah khutnuai ah Zomi leh Zogam na om ngeilo hi.Hih anuai ah kawlgam kumpi tuamtuam te azawhna gamlim te ki muthei a,kikan kikthei hi.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma#Shan_States_.281287-1557.29
Leitung mihing akici namkhat beek in cikmah a, a uk ngeiloh Zomi te ihhi a, ei leh ei a kiuk, aki van minam te ih hihi.Namdang mi ahi mikang British te in leitung gam hong kekkek natawh kiton in,India lam pan hong do toto te in, Manipur leh Lushei hill ( Mizoram) ciang hongzo to a,ahizong in, Kawlgam pan hong do toto mikang British te in,kawlgam buppi alak khit, azawh ngawp dikdek khit teh Zogam atawpna ah hong douh a, galvanzat ki kimloh nahang in aki lel bek ahihi.Ih lung sim leh ih hangsan nate Mikang tenzong hong phazo tuanlo uh hi.
Alamdang mahmah Zomi leh Zogam tawh kisai in, First World War pen nasiatak in ki do uh a, Zomi te akihel ciang in, gal veng hi.Second World War zong British te leh Japan te ki do tawpna Zogam hong tun teh galveng leuleu hi.Kawlgam bup suahtak na ding in,a ngelngel uhhang piang thei tuanlo a, Kachin te, Shan te zong hanciam na pi' apian zawh mahmah loh ciang in, Zomi te atun teh thu ki vaihawm theikik pan hi. Kawlgam suahtak zawh a sawtnailo in, Karen ( Dek) minam te khuaibang honghang uh a, Zomi te hong kipat teh galveng leuleu hi.Hih thute pen Zomi te,Pasian hongpiak tuamngiat Secreat ahihi.
Kuama khutnuai ah aomngeilo Zomi tepen Meitei galhang mahmah a kici 1500 khawng, Pu Kam Hau uksung Tedim hong simsawm uh a, Tedim zong tungman lo in, gallel in ciahkik uh hi.Tuhun ciang in galvan kim kinei ciat a, 2001 May, 15 ni-in, Thanlon khua ah Zogam galkap ZRA te 23 bek pen Meitei galkap UNLF 170 in umcip in, akap cip hang PM 3:00 hun in, ZRA ten delhmang kik hi.Meitei ten cikmah hun in Zomite zongeilo ding uh hi.( Zomi te tangthu tawm )
http://tongsannews.wordpress.com/2009/07/14/zomi-te-khang-tangthu-atom-kanna/
A lainat huai mahmah leh a cikzet huai mahmah Zomi te dinmun, khim hongzing taktak ta.... India pan hongsim toto mikang te in, Lushei hill leh Manipur teng a zawh khitteh, Kawlgam pan hongsim toto te in, Zogam zong hong zoto uh hi.A hizong suah leh tum a agualzo England kumpi mah hina pin,minam khat teng gamkhat in honguk lo in, suahlam Kawlgam pan leh tumlam India pan hong uk se uh a,Zogam luzang pan in, phelnih hongsuah suk sakmawk uh hi.Hih pen ih minam hihna ih gam neihna hong satkhap na lianpi ahihi.Mikang te in ih gam hong phelkhap ban ah, asung a om neihsa lamsa khempeuh a deihdeih uh hong laksak lai in, na khempeuh amau ut bangbang in hong control lai uh hi.Tulai tak Zomi te atamzaw Christian ih suahna thu zong ataktak in, England gam pan missionary hongpai khatzong omlo a, USA gam bek pan vive a hihi.England te hong deihsak hong pantah nuam taktak hi leh tulaitak in, Anglicanism pawlpi kiom ding hi.Ngaihsun kikkik leng ana veve mah hi.Tuahun in Sak leh khang hong phelkhap kei leh tuni in, Zogam pen, india ah maw!Burma lam ah maw!(or) ei leh ei maw! cihtawh gamkhat ah ih omkhawm khinta ding hi.
Zomi Pu leh Pa te in, Mikang te khutnuai pan nasuakta nuam mahmah tauh ahihman in,suahtak theihnang lampi nazongta uh hi.Galpi nihna hongveng lian leh leitung gam tuamtuam te in amau gamciat suahtak theihnalampi hong omtek ahihman in,ei leh ei a ding kipzo nailo, mualtung mite in,bang ci panlakding cih nakpitak in ngaihsun uh hi.Tua laitak in, kawlgam pan Aungsan makaihna tawh Kawlgam suahtaknading lampi om in, Kawlte tawh kipawl in, mikang te khutnuaipan suahtakna lakhawmleng cih IDEA hong muta uh hi.Ahizong in kawl minam tetawh kipawlnading in, ngaihsut ding thutampi om ahihman in, kawlminam ten hong nenniam cip kha leh cihnatawh Kachinte leh Shante tawh thu kikum phot in, Kawl te tawh amasa in suahtakna lamasa ding!!!!! tuakhit kum 10 encik ding in, ih utleh ei leh ei gamkhat in dingkikding cih tupnatawh Zomi, Kachin, Shan tein Panglong agreement ah suai nakai uh hi.
Kumsawm cing cihthadah kawlte in Panglong Agreement abeimang nading tupna in, suahtakna zong ngahman nailopi July. 19. 1947 kum in, Aungsan leh ulian pi teng hong thahlupsak hi.Kawlgam in suahtakna ngahding kician mahmah ta ahihman in, suahtak na ngahlian leh kawlminam te'n autbang in ukcipding, mualtung mite pusuaksak vetloding cih atupna bulpi ahihi.A hizong in, Kawl ngian mah ih cidiam thakhat in hong hihsawm lo in, tawmtawm in hongkipan uh a, akilawmsak na in,The First President ahi Sao Shwe Thaik ( Shan te hi a 1948- 1952 ) pen Time khat kum 4 bek uksak in, tua akipan U NU leh Ni Win kipawl in, kumsawm cingma himhim in Federation aphiat mengmeng nading ngian tuamtuam zongin hongkipan touh hi.Kum sawm ci'n 1958 kum ciang in mualtung mite pusuaktheihding hunta mah leh Ni Win in, galkap thuneihna tawh Shan ukpite man in,bangmah atangthei lodingin abawlciang in, Kum 10 cin Panglong agreement pen suahtakna omlo, kawlminam te khutnuai ah cikziat huaitak in hong lutkikta hi.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/12589343/zomi-namni-2009
http://www.aungsan.com/gallery.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Burma
1962 kumciang in Ni Win in atupna a tangtun nading in, Communish gal leh Dek gal te paulap in, kawmgam state te akitap lohding cihbek mitsuan in, thuneih natawh kawlgam bup hongla leuleu in, U NU nangawn thu in simlo hi.Ni Win in , atupna ahi,amah mimal ANNA akipnading hong hanciam leuleu a, SOCIALISM min vawhpong( paulap) in, mualtung mite hongkhem leuleu hi.A khemsuk khemto zong in, mualtung mite deihna khatzong sepsaklo ahihman in, CIVIL war tawh nisim galdo in, alangkhat ah BCP Burma Communish Party tezong si lelkhop veve hi.Tua hunlai in, Zomi te in, Kawlte ngian theilo in, kawlgam ading nuntakna tampi na piakhia hi.Tua hunlai in kawl mipi inzong,Ni Win Socialism Party pen panpih uh hi.Bang hanghiam cih leh kawlte in mualtung mite apusuak dinguh haza uh hi.A hizong in, Kawl minam te mahmahzong Ni Win in, nadawm tuanlo in,na that ziahziah lel ahihman in,kawlmipi ten deihlohna hong ompan a, tuama in, bangmah paulo uh hi.
Ni Win ahai man in, ama angsungbek khual keihen la, kawlmi te hamphatna dingbek bawl leh amah kuaman langdo hetlo ding hina pi, ANNA bek ngaihsun mawk ahihman in, 1988 ciang in,kawl mipi te in, amah deihnawn lo in,hong langdo tauh hi.Kawl te in Democracy ci in, a awtawt uhhang in,amau Democracy pen kawlminam te bek in, kawlgam ukcip ding cih Democracy ahihi.Galkap kumpi athuakzawhloh manbek hi a, Panglong agreement bang in, kum 10 khitteh paikhiat ding tuni dong kawlte mimal khatciat na dong leucin, hong phal hetloding hi.A mau phalleh phalloh tawh kisai peuhmah lo in, 1958 - 2009 = 51 ( Kum 51 ) sung kawlmi te in, ILLEGAL in honguk uh ahihi.Ihlung sim kikhel nading in, State peuh, Division peuh, Capital city peuh, Zato peuh, Sang inn peuh akilawmsak na in, hong piapongmawk a,kawlmi te sang' ih pilzawk ding,ih siamzawk ding, ih hauhzawkding lau in, baikna lam pan ahizong, kampau lampan ahizong, lailampan ahizong,focus tuamtuam pan,mualtung mite Chance khatzong hong pialo uhhi.
Banghang hongpia lo???? Amau sang pilzaw theizaw leng,Panglong agreement tangtung ding hiven..Tua hang in, U NU bang suuk lua kisa kawlgam bup Buddhism suaksak nuam in, hongkipan a, Kachin te gamsung lutlian ahihman in, tawm hongkhiam bek ahihi. Tuabek hilo in, tunidong, kawlgam ah Channel khatbek zang in, news paper khatbek mahzang in, kawllai namkhat bek zanglai a, kawllai munkhempeuh ah sinsak hi.Mualtungmi te laileh pau gambup ah sinsak cihthadah, ih lai ih pau abeimang nading in, nisim in, panla den in, tuppi in neiuh hi.Tua nangawn hawmthawh lai in, kawlmi khat in, Zomi or mualtung mikhat zi in aneih leh cihbanga kipan Central Secreat in neita zen uh hi.
Kawl gam ah Kawlmi bek omding, namdang teng beicipding, paudang zangloding, laidang zangloding, nakhempeuh kawlte khutnuai ah omding cihpen, bangmi bangmi hongkhang zongin, Kawlmi ahihnak leh atupna uh ahihi.Kawl mi himhim kuamah muanding omlo lua kisa, khuataw lui a, singphung khat hongmuang ing cilehang nisat teh niliap bel in, ki omthei lai ding hi.Man nei zawlai ding hi.
A beisa a kipan in,tuni dongciang Kawlgam buaina pen, Democracy problem hizenzen lo hi.Democracy aphiat mai kawlte mah hi.Galkap kumpi athuak lahmanbek ahihi.Kawlgam suahtakna ngahmasakhunlai in, Democracy tawh kiuk hi a,suahtakna ngahzawh kum 10 cing leh Democracy thupai dantawh kituak in, mualtungmi te utleh kigawmlai ding utkeileh pusuak in,ei leh ei kiukding cih pen tuni in, Democracy cici a, a awng kaka ten' theihloh bawl in,kitelnaneng bangneng tawh hongkhem sawmsawm lai uh hi.
Kawlgam buaina pipen mualtungmi te Panglong agreement bang in paikhiat theihna thu hangbek ahihi.Tua hi a,tuta dih in, SDPC gakkap Uital te kiangpan ih suahtak masak a, thudam tawh ih kihopih theihding kawl democracy a awngawng te tawh ( sing omloh na ah gua kizangthei ) cihdan in,ih kipawlloh aphamawh phot ahihi.Kei Tedim mi hikeng cih tepawlsang in, kei kawlgam mi hi zenzen keng, ka gam ka mi om hi,kawl ten' kagam leh kami te zuauthu leh ngian bekbek tawh hongkhemkhem, hong simmawh hi ing ei!!!!!!!! cih ih kitelmahmah ding thupi zaw hi.
A tawpna ah Zomi te maban pen, Kawl tetawh kipawllaiding maw.( kum 51 sung kawlte lungsim na telbek nai hiam ) ei leh ei paikhia ding?Kawl te tawh kipawlleng metna bangteng om ding?. Ei leh ei hileng bangteng metna omding cih tebek athupi hi.Ei leh ei ihgam leitang ah Democracy, Communism, Socialism, UKpi, Zogam law cihbang in ihgamsung mipi tetawh akituak kiukna tawh ihkiuk ding ahihi.Common language pen ihbawlding ahihi.Paunam hau mahmah lel inhihman in, lai namcing, pau namcing ki hi lelding hi.Thukician mattheihding khatzong omlopi in, kum 51 Zogam kawlte in hong ukcip, hong guksak, hong nenniam nate Ei leh ei ihkiuk niciang,leiba sikkikding hi hang.Minam ading sisan, nuntakna, tha leh ngal abeite tua niteh mawksuak hetloding hi.Thaman ngahkikding hi.Zomi te tangthu Zomi ihhihna tawh theihding thuhi.Kepcing dingzong ahihi. Kawlgam mi nahih lohlam ki tel in, nang pen leitung piancil akipan asuakta ngiat minam ZOMI na hihna kiptak in len in.
Na mabanding kipan ta in.... It Zogam leh Zomi.
--
Tg.Zogam Mungno
“Khimpi ziin zi’n, Khapi kiat ni’n,
Khawlkhip ah Khawlkhen ah,Khawlzang ah “
“ Khul vangah hong suah ta teh”
Ka khuhpi, Ka phahpi, a kulhpi ka lung zai( suangpi)
Ka siampa, ka Pasian…”
4960 Edmondson Pike Apt T - 17
Nashville,TN,37211,USA
Cell : 615 354 2008
THU PHA NGAH MINAM
Zomism Plan-5
from Thang Muan
reply-to zomi@yahoogroups.com
to zomi@yahoogroups.com
date Fri, Aug 7, 2009 at 7:47 PM
subject [ZONET] ZOGAM LEH ZOMI NANG KHUT-SUNG AH OM HI
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Dear Zomi teng,
Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om cih thulu tawh kisai in ih kikum tek aa, ih kikup nate zong thupi thei kasa mahmah hi,minam ih it nate zong ong thusuk tektek kasa aa, kalung dam mahmah leh kalawp pha diak hi.,Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om ih cih ciang in mitampi tak te in, ih mipih te hita leh ih gam ih lei hi ta leh taisan mang hileng kilawm kasa aa,ahih kei leh atheilo kineih hileng zong kilawm kasa mahmah hi.
Gam leh nam aading in nasem te athupi hi banghang hiam cih leh ama aading in nasem hilo banah ,ama nuntakna mahmah kipia khai ngam ahihman in mithupi hi .Tua ahihman in a gamnei te leh amipih ten zahtakna ih piak ding hi..Zahtakna pia ciang bek hilo in ih panpih ding zong hilai hi,.
Democracy ngah taktak leng , tua hunciang in abaih sa nenuam mi or kipawlna tuamtuam phuan in NGIA lungsim nei, Zomi sungah ong om kha thei laiding hi, pil vang ding kisam ding hi.Gam leh nam it taktak ih hih leh Zomi ten ih neih sunsun ZNC party Puah-toh ding sim loh thudang omlo hi,khangthak ten ih maban ih zoptohtoh ding hi .Hih pen ih minam, ih gam ,in ong piak na duties(National Duties) cih pawk ni.
U Khai Lian gen bang in CNF in, ong uk leh amau Aim amasa pen in Hakha pau pen Zogam ah Common Language in zang ding cih, amau TOP SECRET hi, tua ahi man in Zomi te theih ding thu hi.
ZRO te zong thupi kong sa hi, na mipih te ading leh na gam ading in nasem nahih man un kongzahtak hi, mipi te leh gam ading in ahoih pen in ong gel un, Gel naman, gelna dik ong thupi ding hi, atawp na ah minam leh gam ading ahih nak leh thupi mahmah ding hi, Gamlian pi nihsung a om Zomi te kigawm kik ding cih bel ong haksa mahmah in ka um hi , en ,ih ut tazong in agam nei ten, ong pia peuh mahlo ding hi, ka cih nopna ah ih omom na ah ih minam aa ding leh gam aa ding in ahoih pen in nasem , gel zawleng ka cih nopna hi.Gamkhat sung ah ih om loh hang in, U nau ih hih na kipai theilo banah,ka sanggamte hi ci in, minamdang te kipia theilo hi,bangtawh kibang hiam cih leh Unau inn-tuan te tawh kibang kasa mahmah hi,inn ih tuan hang in ,ih ki-it na kiamlo aa,khang tektek zawlai hi.Tua ahihman in nop ni ,dah ni ,haksat ni, te ah kipan pih diamdiam in, ki huh diamdiam ni..
ZNC party leuleu pen gam leh nam ading in,hangsantak in ading leh tup naman taktak aa ading hi cih kitel mahmah hi, cih pen kei muh na leh mipi a tamzaw muh na hi cileng kikhaillo ding in ka um hi.Tua ahihman in Burma gam aa om, Zomi te aw Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om cih dot na tawh kisai in, tampi dawn kullua kasa kei aa,KEI KHUT SUNGAH OM HI ci in dawng ciat ni.ZNC party lobuang minam vai leh gam vai in ih neih, party dang omlo ahihman in, ih neih sunsun ZNC party ah om in,lamsang in, thciat ni, Zomi te aw.
lai at,
Thang Muan
reply-to zomi@yahoogroups.com
to zomi@yahoogroups.com
date Fri, Aug 7, 2009 at 7:47 PM
subject [ZONET] ZOGAM LEH ZOMI NANG KHUT-SUNG AH OM HI
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Dear Zomi teng,
Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om cih thulu tawh kisai in ih kikum tek aa, ih kikup nate zong thupi thei kasa mahmah hi,minam ih it nate zong ong thusuk tektek kasa aa, kalung dam mahmah leh kalawp pha diak hi.,Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om ih cih ciang in mitampi tak te in, ih mipih te hita leh ih gam ih lei hi ta leh taisan mang hileng kilawm kasa aa,ahih kei leh atheilo kineih hileng zong kilawm kasa mahmah hi.
Gam leh nam aading in nasem te athupi hi banghang hiam cih leh ama aading in nasem hilo banah ,ama nuntakna mahmah kipia khai ngam ahihman in mithupi hi .Tua ahihman in a gamnei te leh amipih ten zahtakna ih piak ding hi..Zahtakna pia ciang bek hilo in ih panpih ding zong hilai hi,.
Democracy ngah taktak leng , tua hunciang in abaih sa nenuam mi or kipawlna tuamtuam phuan in NGIA lungsim nei, Zomi sungah ong om kha thei laiding hi, pil vang ding kisam ding hi.Gam leh nam it taktak ih hih leh Zomi ten ih neih sunsun ZNC party Puah-toh ding sim loh thudang omlo hi,khangthak ten ih maban ih zoptohtoh ding hi .Hih pen ih minam, ih gam ,in ong piak na duties(National Duties) cih pawk ni.
U Khai Lian gen bang in CNF in, ong uk leh amau Aim amasa pen in Hakha pau pen Zogam ah Common Language in zang ding cih, amau TOP SECRET hi, tua ahi man in Zomi te theih ding thu hi.
ZRO te zong thupi kong sa hi, na mipih te ading leh na gam ading in nasem nahih man un kongzahtak hi, mipi te leh gam ading in ahoih pen in ong gel un, Gel naman, gelna dik ong thupi ding hi, atawp na ah minam leh gam ading ahih nak leh thupi mahmah ding hi, Gamlian pi nihsung a om Zomi te kigawm kik ding cih bel ong haksa mahmah in ka um hi , en ,ih ut tazong in agam nei ten, ong pia peuh mahlo ding hi, ka cih nopna ah ih omom na ah ih minam aa ding leh gam aa ding in ahoih pen in nasem , gel zawleng ka cih nopna hi.Gamkhat sung ah ih om loh hang in, U nau ih hih na kipai theilo banah,ka sanggamte hi ci in, minamdang te kipia theilo hi,bangtawh kibang hiam cih leh Unau inn-tuan te tawh kibang kasa mahmah hi,inn ih tuan hang in ,ih ki-it na kiamlo aa,khang tektek zawlai hi.Tua ahihman in nop ni ,dah ni ,haksat ni, te ah kipan pih diamdiam in, ki huh diamdiam ni..
ZNC party leuleu pen gam leh nam ading in,hangsantak in ading leh tup naman taktak aa ading hi cih kitel mahmah hi, cih pen kei muh na leh mipi a tamzaw muh na hi cileng kikhaillo ding in ka um hi.Tua ahihman in Burma gam aa om, Zomi te aw Zogam leh Zomi nang koi ah om cih dot na tawh kisai in, tampi dawn kullua kasa kei aa,KEI KHUT SUNGAH OM HI ci in dawng ciat ni.ZNC party lobuang minam vai leh gam vai in ih neih, party dang omlo ahihman in, ih neih sunsun ZNC party ah om in,lamsang in, thciat ni, Zomi te aw.
lai at,
Thang Muan
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