Zomi to France. Piantit Paite

Zomi to France
ZOMI te Piancit (France) Paina Tangthu Leitung galpi khatna 1914 kumin hong om ciangin England kumpi in gal huh dingin Ukpipa kiangah a na ngen aa, Ukpipa Hau Cing Khup in gal huh ding mi 1033 na ngah sak hi. Tua te Piancit pai dingin 1917 May 27 ni lianin ih pu ih pate Tedim panin na ding khia uh hi.

Piancit gam a tun uh ciangin gal leh sa mai-ah na semin kum 1 leh kha 6 sung na tam uh a, 1918 August kha-in Tedim na tung kik uh hi. Gal sungah thauvui thautang mai-ah na a sep lai-un inn lam zong thei dingin kilam en nawn hetlo uh hi ta leh mi 23 lo buang cidamin Zogam na zuan kik uh a Piancit pai ngei a hi Ka Pu Khualsuan (Phaiza) in hong gen ciangin "Tuipi tungah sun 40 leh zan 40 ka pai uh hi. Tuipi sungah ni sialpi cia-in hong suakin sialpi cia mahin tum kik hi. Tuihualte lian lua mahmah ahih manin thaupi tawh kikap kham zel hi," ci-in lamdang a sakna thu leh a tuak khak thute hong gen ciangin zaknopsa-in a mai-ah kamka heuhau liangin ka ngai thei zel hi Leitung galpi khatna 1914 Kumin piang a, tua gal kidona-ah Englandte tampi si-in Kham dangka Pound 900 Million val bei hi.


England leh Franch kipawlin, Franch gamah a kisim laitakun Englandte in amau¡¯ huhna gam tengah huhna mah ngen kawikawi uh hi. Tua hunin Ih Kawl gam England Kumpi in hong uk khin a hih manin, Kawl gamah zong huhna hong ngen kik uh hi. Sukte gam, Kamhau¡¯ gam, Sihzaang¡¯ gam tengah huhna ngen dingin Mawlaik panin Deputy Commissioner D.D.F.O.Lowler 1917 January nipi masa sungin Tedim hong tung hi. Hih Ukpi 3 sung tengah ki kaikhawmin, gal huh ding gen hi. Amasa-in Ukpite in nanial uh hi. A hi zongin F.O Lowler in, 1891 June 23, ni a Thangpi a kibawl, kiciamna bulphuhin huhna hong nget ciangin, Ukpite in nanial ngam nawnlo uh hi. Hau Cinkhup makai-in Ukpite in amau¡¯ uk sung ciatah mi kaihkhop sakin, Sukte gam panin mi 250, Kamhau¡¯ gam panin, mi 700, Sihzaang gam panin, mi 83, a gawm mi 1033 ngah sak uh hi.


A kingen zah a tam zaw ngah sak uh hi Leitung galpi khatna 1914 Kumin piang a, tua gal kidona-ah Englandte tampi si-in Kham dangka Pound 900 Million val bei hi. England leh Franch kipawlin, Franch gamah a kisim laitakun Englandte in amau¡¯ huhna gam tengah huhna mah ngen kawikawi uh hi. Tua hunin Ih Kawl gam England Kumpi in hong uk khin a hih manin, Kawl gamah zong huhna hong ngen kik uh hi. Sukte gam, Kamhau¡¯ gam, Sihzaang¡¯ gam tengah huhna ngen dingin Mawlaik panin Deputy Commissioner D.D.F.O.Lowler 1917 January nipi masa sungin Tedim hong tung hi. Hih Ukpi 3 sung tengah ki kaikhawmin, gal huh ding gen hi. Amasa-in Ukpite in nanial uh hi.


A hi zongin F.O Lowler in, 1891 June 23, ni a Thangpi a kibawl, kiciamna bulphuhin huhna hong nget ciangin, Ukpite in nanial ngam nawnlo uh hi. Hau Cinkhup makai-in Ukpite in amau¡¯ uk sung ciatah mi kaihkhop sakin, Sukte gam panin mi 250, Kamhau¡¯ gam panin, mi 700, Sihzaang gam panin, mi 83, a gawm mi 1033 ngah sak uh hi.

A kingen zah sangin a tam zaw ngah sak uh hi 1917 May 27, Zingsang nai 10:00 Tedim panin Dimlo-ah giak uh hi. Dimlo panin Thangpi-ah giak hi. 1917May 30, Tulsuk panin Kawlpi-ah giak hi. 1917May 31, Kawlpi panin Gun khawm tung uh a, Gun khawm panin tum theih tuamtuam tawh na muak uh hi1917 June, Gunkhawm panin Tembaw tawh Myanyanah zan thum tam uh hi, 1917 June 8, Myanyan panin Yangontung uh hi. Sya Po tha in zing an nekpihin France pai ding teng, zatep bu nih, Khakhi puan-ak khat tek, pheituam khat, puan-ak tungsilh khat maimul khat leh sunsiah phel khat tek pia uh hi1917 June 9, Zogam panin a ki kha sukte tawh mangpha kikhakin, Yangon pan Tembaw tawh ding khia uh hi.

1917 June 13, Nitak nai 5:00 India Khuapi Culcutta tung uh a, Keizaangte Khoigin a kam sung meima-inZato kahin Zato panin si hi. A luang mei tawh hal ding deihlo uh a hih manin, Vung Zakham maikai-in Khuapi pan tai 15 a ki gamlatna-ah vui uh hi. 1917June 24,. Nitak nai 5:00 Culcutta pan Meileng tawh Bombay pai hi 1917June 28,.. Nitak nai 6:00-ah Bombay khua tungin Zato-ah ki ensak uh a, khua vot thuak zolo mi 15 ciah sak uh hi 1917June 29,. Nitak nai 3:00 Sente¡¯ Tembaw tuangin Bombay pan ding khia uh hi. Arabia tuipi tungah ni 13 sung paisuak uh hi Nitak nai 5:00-in Eden huan tung uh a Inn sung lutpah theilo uh hi. Nai.7:00Pm, ciang lut thei. uh hi 1917 July 17, Eden pan Tembaw tawh ni 4 sung pai uh a, Izipt gam Suez canal zuan uh hi. 1917 ni 21 ni-in, Suez tung uh a, Tua kikal sehnel gam bekbek a hi hi. Suez canal pen Englandte¡¯vanleng phualpi hi a, a galvanlengte uh muhnop sa mahmah uh hi. 1917 July 26,. Nitak nai 6:00 Suez Khuapi panin Meileng tawh pai uh hi. 1917 July 27,.. Zingsang 8:00 Egypt gam Alexandria khuapi tung uh a, nitak lamin Tembaw tawh paisuakin Italy gam Toronto khuapi tung uh hi. Tua mun pen nisat mahmah na mun hi a, amau¡¯ suan tawm singkung bek po hi. Sing hamsa mahmah hi. Tui nisa-ah lumsak masa-in tua khit ciangin meitungah suang pan uh hi. Sing kung tungah Toktol tam mahmah ahih manin, Toktol khua ci-in ciamteh uh hi 1917Augustni 6 ni-in. Toronto khua panin meileng tawh ni 8 sung pai-in, Moh leh niangtui bekbek tawh vakin nuamsa mahmah uh hi.

1917August14, Franch Khuapi Marselles a tun uh ciangin, Khasum Rs. 50/- Oversea Allowvance Rs. 100/- sang sak uh hi. Sukte leh Sihzaang mi teng, No.61 Labour Corp min pia-in, Kamhau¡¯ mi No. 62 Labour Corp min pia a, Capt, Rund-all in uk hi. 1917 Aug 24,. Marselles khua panin meileng tawh ding khia kikin, England leh Germanyte¡¯ kikapna mun Bikot camp 1917 August 27 ni-in tung uh hi. Tua lai-ah nasep laitakin, Tonzaangte Neng Zalang in khutlet bomb khat puakkhamsak kha a hih manin, mi 6 liamin tuate Zato pension kipia hi. Bikot camp panin Brazil-ah ki tuah kik uh a, tua campah a om sungun sun leh zanin thauging bekbek kawlmim kanpuak ging bangin tai 100 huam sung, thautang san ziahzuah ci-in lim gen mahmah uh hi.

Piancit paite pen galkap hilo-in vansiate khawmtuah, galte¡¯ zat ding thauvui thautang annek tui dawn, a suah a sang leh a kisam bangbang a sem uh a hi hi. Tua bangin a lauhuai galmai samai-ah lungleng khuangai-in a om sungun, a ki hehnepna-un, Alexandria khua a a om sung vua, Gualkhate tawh tuipek a kidemna uh khawng, Arabia tuipi tung a nawk lai vua, amuh uh ngasa inn ciacia a phate kikumin holim mahmah uh hi.

Alexandria a om sungun Gualkhate tawh tuipek kidem uh a, Gualkha galkap 9, Zato kipuak a hih manin, tuipek ding kikham hi. Arabia tuipi kantanin, tui hualte nasia lua mahmah ahih manin, Motor kham bangin khamin an ne zolo tui dawn zolo-in a om laitakun inn ciacia, saipi ciacia a pha ngasa (Whale) gual khat ciangin tul val bang a pha ding tai 2 sung bang, nisuahna pan nitumna lam manawhin a tai hanhan ngasa a muh uh ciangin lamdang sa-in muhnop sa mahmah uh hi.

Bikot khua a om lai-un a na seppih uh midangte tawh, lungnop nadingin bawlung kidem zel uh hi. Tua kidemna-ah na zo uh a hih manin, Piancitte in lamdang sa-in a pahtawina uh Lian Zakham in a nuai abangin la na phuak hi. Piantui a zal mi zatam te¡¯n, kua¡¯ vontawi bel hiam ci ei Kua¡¯ vontawi ci¡¯n khau bang sut ing, puvon ngo sal bang lange, Hih bangin ihpu ihpate ahunhun amunmunah, midangte¡¯ sangin a hatnate uh na lakkhia uh a, mite¡¯ zahtak leh pahtwi-in na om uh hi. Bikot campah a om sungun, England galkap suah theih nadingin British Parliament-ah ngen uh a, England Kumpi in ih pu ihpate, galhan dan, galsiam dan thei khin uh a hih manun, piak dingin thu zasak uh hi. Tua hun laitakin Tonzaangte Khup Zadal in, kampau khialhna khat tawh kimanin, a suahtak khit ciangin buksau natna khat tawh si hi. Tua pa pen England galkapte in thupi takin zahtakna tak tawh vui uh hi.

1917 December kha-in, England Prime Minister leh galkap maang pawl khatte camp-ah pai uh a, Tonzaangte Gin vum leh a lawmte pawl khat in, zahtakna na pialo kha uh a hih manin kha 3 sung thong kiasak hi. Brazil camp a na semte khen 78, pha uh a, tua sung panin No. 61 leh No. 62, Labour corpte¡¯ hanciamna leh nasep siamna minthang mahmah a hih manin, Kumpi King george V. in, ¡°Ki mu nuam ing,¡± ci a hih manin, a kimu dingin corp 2 sung panin ki teng khia uh hi. Tuate Kumpipa tawh kimu dingin, 1918 Marc ni 9 ni-in ding khia-in, ni 10,ni-in, Boulogue khua pan Tembaw tawh English Channel kantanin pai uh a, nitak nai 4-in England Tembaw khawlna tung uh hi. Tua panin Meileng tawh pai-in, nitak nai 9-in London meileng khawlna tung uh hi.

Tua lai-ah Uliante in na dawn uh a, Indiate¡¯ tunna inn khat (9th Floor) tung sak uh hi. Tua inn deipi sungah Prime Minister leh Minister dangte in na muak uh hi. Zingsang nai 11, ciangin kumpipa tawh kimu ding leh, galkap puan silh ding vaikhak uh a, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi. England Kumpi in a khangkhangin atenna Buckingham place-ah Kumpi King george v. tawh kimu ding a pai teng:- Mawlaik Deputy Commissioner F.O. Fowler > Subidar Mangpum ( Khuasak > Interpreter Thawng Zakai (Muizawl > Company Commender.Songtheu (Tualzaang) > Interpreter. Thuampau (Khawsak > Company Commander.Vungh Zakham (Tonzaang ) > Company commander. Kam Zanang (Tuipi ) > Company Commander. Hau Zanang (Heilei ) > Platoon Comander. Hang Khawcin (Tuitawh ) > Platoon Commander. Thiaukam (Kaptel ) > Sergeant. Vialzen (Vangteh ) 1918 March 11 zingsang nai 8,-in,Uliante in a zintunna uh panin Motor tawh la-in Kumpipa tawh Kumpipa¡¯ innah paipih uh hi. Khamtawh kizut a sau mahmah Saha 4 leh sailu 2 a kisuanna Kumpipa¡¯ zin dona inn dei sungah kigualin, Kumpipa¡¯ hong pai ding ngak uh hi. Zingsang nai 9-in Kumpipa a galkap puan tawh kizemin huihluai tawh hong tuak sukin, 3 vei zahtakna a piak khit uh ciangin khut kilenin a nuai a bangin kumpipa in thu hong gen hi. Kumpipa ttthugen te, Hih zahtak a a gamla, Zogam Tedim panin, gal huh ding a hong pai Labour corp 61 leh 62 sung panin, galmai nasepna khempeuhah deihsakna tak tawh, hanciamin paubanna omlo-in, hoihtakin zo cih ka za hi. Ka lungdamna bangmah tawh kiteh theilo-in ka lungdam hi.

Leitung hunah, England Kumpi¡¯ thu neihna a bei matengin, mi khat ka om lai tengun, Zomi, Tedim mi peuhmah gilkial dangtakin hong puk sisak lo ding hi ung. Na gentheihna mun khempeuh vuah England Kumpi in hongkem ding hi ung.¡± Ci-in thu a gen khit ciangin, ¡°Note tawh sau veipi ka om nop hangin, ka nasepna tamin hun ngahlo ka hihmanin, ka dah mahmah hi. London khua-ah na om sungun, na lamdang tuamtuamte Ministerte in hong lak kawikawi ding hi,¡± ci-in thu a gen khit ciangin, khut kilenin kikhen uh hi. Tua khit ciangin Zomi Tedim mite, Kumpipa lim kisuanna inn dei sungah, man (Photo) kizaih uh hi. Minister khat in makaihin kumpipa¡¯ inn sung panin nidang lai a, mawhnei kumpi Nu¡¯ kithahna nalamdang tuamtuamte etpih kawikawi hi. Kumpipa inn tai 2 huam bang zai hi. Inn tungah dial mun 16-ah kikhai a, Nidang lai London khua meikatna leh, zinlinna te lim sungah ensak uh hi. Kumpi inn sungah naupang kum 12 gual a pha mi 150-te in, Kumpipa¡¯ lungnopna dingin, nisimin Benkhaza (Music) tumin lam zel uh hi, ci-in ki gen hi. 1918 March 12, ni-in Parliament kikhopna-ah kahsak uh hi.

A pai ma-un Kumpipa Zum khan vel masa uh hi. Parliament kikhopna inn sung a lut uh ciangun, mipite in zahtakna pia-in ding uh hi. Kikhopna a man uh ciangin, Kawlgam Governorpa in, a innah moh leh niangtui tawh vak hi. Tua lai a nasep sin Kawl mi 13-te tawh, kiho khawmin nitak ciangin Cenima etpih uh hi.< 1918 march 13, zingsang an nek khit ciangin, ganhing khawina (Zoo) en uh hi. A ciah uh ciangin Whiter leh whiteson companyte in, Singgahtui tawh vak hi. 1918 March14 ni-in, England Kumpi a sem ngei khempeuh leh, vaihawm ulian khempeuhte¡¯ laizangah, Kumpi King george V. 4-te¡¯ innkuan lim omna etpih uh hi. Tua mun a cing galkap khat, Songtheu in milim sa-in a khamul a lawnsak kha hi. Tua lai pen milim lah mihing kisa, mihing lah milim kisa thei hi, ci-in gen uh hi. Nitak lam ciangin, Kham leh ngun ki bawlna sik namkim leh van tuamtaum kibawlna munte en uh hi. 1918 March 15 nitak an nek khit ciangin, London khua nawl a om vanleng bawlna mun etpih uh hi 1918 march 16 ni-in India Governorpa in an vak a, An a nek khit uh ciangin Roll company leh Whiteson Companyte in sam leuleu uh hi. Nek theih dawntheih tuamtuam tawh zindo uh hi. Roll Company inntung a sang pen munah, bawlung tualpi om a, tua panin London khua sung kimu thei hi. Roll Company inn laizangah inn tung leh inntual kikal, khuampi khat om a, a kim kot mel tuamtuam nei singpek tawh kizem hi. Sabuai bangin ki umcip hi. Tua khuam pen a tawntungin kipei den a, van leite in khuam kipei den tunga sabuai sungah sum khia leh vante a mau¡¯ gei sabuai-ah hong pai lel hi, ci-in gen uh hi. Lampi gei vanzuaknate- ah, a van man zah ding sum kikhia-in, Switch ki mek leh a leinop van pusuak hi.

1918 March 20 ni-in ciah kik ding gelna a om hangin, Germany galkap a kiman tul 300-te puakna-in Tembaw teng kizang ahih manin, ciah theilo uh hi 1918 March 22, ni-in London pan ciahkhia-in, Brazil camp a tun uh ciangin, England galkap lut theihna ding lai tunga, galkap a suak nuamte galkap dan sin dingin Lyons camp-ah kisuan uh hi. Tuate pai khiat ni zanin, thautang koihna innpi bomb in kha a, tua munah ki om ngam nawnlo-in mundangah kitai hi. Galtaina mun panin, England galkap a suak nuam lote inn lamah ciahsak hi. England galkap suak a, Lyons camp a galkap sinte a nuai abangin za kipia hi.
1.Capt F.O Fowler - Colonel
2. Gordon - Lt. Colonel
3. Warald - Major
4. Ohtakhin -Captain
5. Thawng Zakai -Captain -Muizawl
6. Thuampau - Captain -Khuasak
7.Vung Zakham - Leutanant -Tonzaang
8. Songtheu - Leutanant Kaptel
9. Kam Zamang - Lieutanant -Tuipi
10. Kimvungh -Lieutanant - Lamzaang
11. Do Cinlian -Lieutanant - Haupi
12. Cinkhai -2nd,Lieutanant -Tuitum
13. Lian Zathang -Lieutanant - Laitui
14. Cinlian -Lieutanant - Gamngai
15. Pau Zacin -Subidar - Suangzaang.

Atung a bangin za tuamtuamte a piak banah, Sergeant, Corporal akipan za tuamtuam a ngah tampi ki om hi. Tuate Lyons camp-ah nipi 3 sung galkap dan a sin sak laitakin Zo gam panin laikhak ki ngah a, Kuki Thahdo leh Hakha gal kisimna hangin lo ki kho theilo cih thu a zak ciangun, Zo gam ciah kik ding a khuan ngen uh a, 1918 July kha-in hong ciahin August kha-in Tedim hong tung uh hi.

Piancit gamah Kum khat leh kha 6 sung na sem uh a, galmai leh natna tawh hong sihsante longal, Mangkaang Kumpi in minphatna PAHTAWINA LAI (Certificate) khat ciat hi bangin pia hi. This is Certificate is given to ------------ -------who enrolled voluntarily as a mate in the Burma labour Corp and worked in france for the British Government during the great war. He worked loyally and well in all; weather by night as well as by day and every advance and often dangerous condition and willingly and cheerfully bare his share of the burdens of the day.

This fact should ever be remembered to his credit by those who have any dealings with him and may all officials deal with him and his family in the liberal for him on which the place his service at the disposed of the empire in its hour of stress may he and his family never be forgotten.


F.O Fowler (Capt Burma Commission Piancit pai Labour Corps a nasemte lungzuan khuangaihna tuamtuam kawm kalah mi 23 te in hong nusia uh hi.Tuate in
1. Ngul Ngin 4. 10. 1917
2. Thang Eng 25. 12. 1917
3. Tut Lang 29. 10.1917
4. Tuang Pum 9. 12. 1917
5. Vial Dam 9.12. 1917
6. Gin Neng 31. 10. 1917
7. Vum Dam 26. 10. 1917
8. Kam Mang 28.10. 1917
9. Ngo Kam 9. 10. 1917
10. Tual Kim 4. 9.1917
11. Lun Kap 7. 12. 1917
12. Son Neng 7.11. 1918
13. Kai Ngin 23.10. 1918
14.Ma Ha Peng 21. 12.1918
15.Khoi Gin 6. 6. 1917
16.Khup Za Dal 15. 10.1917
17.Lang Za Khen 12. 2. 1917
18.Suan Thawng 29. 1.1918
19.Zuan Pum 28.12.1918
20.Ngin Dam 7.3. 1918
21.Siat Lut 9. 3.1918
22.Kham Ngul 27.4.1918
23.Pau Pum 29.1.1918.

Hih teng pen 1st World war hun sung a site¡¯ hanah kivui a, limtakin hancing te¡¯n cing uh hi. Laimai



Zam Sian Sang property Saved.

ZNC

ZOMI NATIONAL CONGRESS

(23 March, 1990 Friday ni a, Kawlgam bup, leitung bup, theih ding ZNC ngimna, Kawlgam TV, Radio sung pan

Pu Chin Sian Thang (B.A. B.A(Law) L.L.B) ZNC President Myanmar in a gen thu te hi.) Regd: Nah/tah -104/91.

Zomi U leh Nau na dam dam uh hiam? Kei ZNC Makaipipa hi'ng. Ei ZNC Party ngimna bulpi Nam Li pha hi. Tua te:-




(1) Chin kici loin ZOMI kicih na ding.

(2) Democracy kumpi maan pian sakna ding

(3) Sum lei, sum zuak nuamtaka hih theih na ding leh

(4) Panglong lungsim laptoh na ding cih thu te a hi hi.




Hih ngimna bulpi namli te khat khit khat, abanban in ong tel gen lai ning.

Khang tang thu lui en le hang, Zomite peen ei gam ei lei, ei minam, ei ngeina, ei zia, ei tong tawh kuamah khut nuai ah om lo-a, ei leh ei Kumpi I hi hi. Hi bang in ei leh ei Kumpi I hih lai-in ei leh ei ZOMI a kicite I hi hi. Khang tang thu thak en le'ng zong gam bup minam tuamtuamte sang in kum li a tuan, a do zozaw, kum li zekai-a British sal a suate hi hang. Hi bang a British te sal I suah tung lai-in zong ei leh ei ZOMI mah akici nam te hi hang. Chin peuh mah I kici ngei kei hi. Chin a kici kam mal peen ZOMI te' pau sung ah koimah munah om kha lo hi. Paletwa, indat, Kanpetlet ah om hi. Halkha, Thantlang, Matupi ah om lo hi. Falam, Tedim, Tonzang ah om lo hi. Chin a kikci min pen gamkeek huang heu minamte'n ei theihloh kala ong guat uh min hi-a, ei pian'pih min hi lo hi. Tua ahih man in ei Zomite, Chin ong kicih ciang in, sal I tan'lam ong phawksak den kammal hi-a, sal mahmah a zong ong koih nuah hi ci-in kingaihsun tawntung ahihman in, Chin ong kicih sim sim in, I lungsim ong do velvel den hi, I khasiat peuh ong suaksak den hi. Genteh na in, YANGON pen tu phinga YANGON hi lo-in 1824 ma pek in zong YANGON hi na pi, YANGON kici lo in RANGOON akicih ciang in I lungsim khat ong khoih zek hi. Tua mah bang in Halkha ci lo-in Haka, Tedim ci lo-in Tiddim, Sihzang ci lo-in, Siyin, Thantlang ci lo-in Klang Klang, Conbik ci lo-in anpek, Pu Conbik lampi ci lo-in U Sunpek lampi akicih se ciang in zong I lungsim ong sukha zel hi. Tua ahih man in suah na pana I ngah sal min sangin I pianpih min taktak ZOMI mah maan tak a ikicihna ding ZNC' ngimna bulpi hi. I was born as a ZOMI: I live as a ZOMI: I shall die as a ZOMI. Zomi khat in ka suak hi: Zomi khat in ka nungta hi. Zomi khat in ka si ding hi.

ZNC' ngimna bulpi anihna pen Democracy Kumpi Mann pian'sakna ding cih thu hi. Mikhempeuh aneu a lian in, democracy-democracy ci-in kiko in awng uh hi. Banghanghiam cihleh democracy in mihingte khat leh khat akibang hi hang, akiza kim hi hang, liangko kikim hi hang cih thu thuman hi ci-in saang ahihman in, mihing kehmpeuh upadi muhna ah a kizakim suaksak hi. Everybody is equal in the eyes of law. Tua ahihman in, thuneih theihna zong kizakim sak hi. Tua thuneih theihnate pen nuntak theihna thu, the right to life, ut peuhpeuh gentheih, biak theih, bawltheihna thu, the right to Liberty, lungsim nopna nuamtaka zon' theihna thu, the right to the pursuit of happiness, cih thu te ahihi. Hi bang thuneih theihnate, pian pih, suah pih thuneih theihna, birth right ahizong in, mi hingte thuneih theihna bulpite Fundamental human rights ahizong in kici hi. Hih mihingte thuneih bulpite pen Democracy minpua lellel kumpi in amahkhan ong pia zolo hi. Democracy kumpi maan taktak in ong pia zo ding hi.

Ahizong in, democracy kumpi maan I cih koici bang kumpi hi ding hiam cih thu, kalkhat suan in I kahtoh laikul ding hi. Democracy kumpi maan I cih pen, taang pi taangta tung panin; taangpi taangta tungah I cih tawntung mah bangin, taangpi taangta' phattuamna dingin taangpi taangta' deihna teelna tawh, taangpi taangta kumpi Government of the people, by the people and for the people cihnop na hi.Kamdang khat in gen ni ci le'ng, taangpi taangta in gam sung ah aanaa aneipen hi-a, aanaa adeihte'n taangpi taangta tungah ngen in, taanpi taangta in zong khalna vauna om loin suakta tak in ngaihsun sun aa, a khentat thu, suakta takin ah aap aanaa taangpi taangta' aanaa, mipi' aanaa, ahih keileh Democracy Aanaa ahih keileh Democracy kumpi maan taktak ahi hi. Tua ahih man in ei Zomite in democracy kumpi maan taktak apian' theihna ding eima khut ah a om lam phawk in, I teelkhialh loh ding thupi hi. Tu-in Party 93 bang om hi. Tua party te in mipi tungah aanaa ong ngen uh hi. Koi party aanaa pia le'ng democracy kumpi maan taktak kingah ding hiam cih limphatakpi' n ngaihsun in piak huai hi. Ei ZNC' ngim napen democracy kumpi maan taktak ngahna ding ngimna bulpi hi-a party nainganzi, Party politics hilo hi. Minambuppi ngainganzi, National politics hi zaw hi. Gen kizomin party ngainganzi leh minam nainganzi akilamdan' na gen pak le'ng, party nainganzi ah party ading bek hi-in, minam ading ngaihsutna hi kha lo hi;ama party aanaa ngahna ding bekbek, ama pumpi aanaa ngahna ding bekbek ngaihsutna ahihi;minam aanaa ngahna ding, minam phattuamna ding ngaihsut na om lo hi. Minam nainganzi I cih ciang in, ama party ading, ama pumpi ading phattuamna, aanaa ngah ding sang in, minam phattuamna ding, minam aanaa ngahna ding ngimna ahi hi. Tu tung ZNC' ngimna bulpi ah I gambuppi-ah democracy ongtun' photphot na ding, tua democracy pen democracy mipua lellel democracy hi loin democracy kumpi maan taktak ahihna ding ahihi.

3. Eigam peen leisung sumpiang atam pha mah mah gam khat hi. Hi bangin leisung sumpiang atam na gam khat hi napi'n, ei kizawng mah mah, kikhangto lo mah mah in khantohna aniam penpen gamte lakah akihel gam khat ihi hi. Ahang bang hiam ci-a I ngaihsut ciang in, I gam khantohna dinga I thu bulphuh amanlohna hang hi ci-in kimu theih hi; leisung sumpiang tampi a omna, gam sung aki thenthawl zolo gamval tampi a omna eigam bangah, sum zuak/sumlei theihna thute, kumpi bek in sem lo-in, pilna siamna, hauhna anei gamsung mite in zong septheihna thu, zon' theihna thu, suakta takin neithei leh, khat leh khat gam khantohna ding sepna bawlna ah kidem in, theih zah siitlo, neihzah siit lo in ong diang ding uhhi. Tuabang ahih theihna dingin suakta tak sumlei/sumzuak theihna Free Market Policy thu hong le'ng, tha khat thu-in ih gam khangto ding hi. Tu-in kumpi bek in sep theihna angah ciang in, adang pilna siamna aneite in ataza vuan tawh hi nawn lo-in, asimtham in, zinlak miallak ah sum bawl ahih man in, tangzai zolo, taangtai zolo bek tham lo-in akhun kila theilo ahih ciangin, kumpi zong sum hi. Tua ahihman in ZNC ngimna bulpi athumna in, suakta taka sumbawl theihna ding a hihi. Akhang to gam khempeuhah hi

Free Market Policy azanglo gam omlo hi.

4. Zomite, kuama ongsawl hilok, eima ut thu tawh Panglong khua ah Gambup Kumpi phuan dingin kipai hi. Panglong Thukimna zong letmat a thuh masa pen te hi hang. Tua Gambup kipawl laitakin zong, State la nuam hi le'ng,laktheih na khuan kinei hi napi'n, State la lo-in Special Division khat beka I om se pen Gambup kipawlna bangzahta a thapia cih ong lak tetti khat ahihi. Suah takna, Independence I lak zawh asawt loin, gambup kipawl Kumpi puk dingin kithawi-a, Zangkong Kumpi ciang a tun' laitak nangawn in, sisan naisan hawk in luanga Gambup kipawlna kumpi adal, akem Zomite hihang. Insein gal bangah ci le'ng, Col. Hrangthio a kipan, gamit Zomi makaite tampi'n ong nusia hi. Hi bang a gam it Zomi nulehpa te' Gambup itna tangthute, gambup itna khekhapte, ZNC in thupi sa mahmah in kepcing kisawm hi. Ahi zongin, Panglong kikhopna pana apiang khia Gambup kipawl kumpi pen bang bulphuha kiphuankhia hiam cih laptoh ding ZNC ngimna lina ahi hi. Tua Panglong lungsim pen thauvui thautang tawh hi loin, itna ngaihna lungsim bulphuha kiphuankhia ahihi. Hih itna, ngaihna lungsim bulphuh nawnlo-in, avui atang bek suan le muan in nei le'ng Panglong lungsim hi kha nawnlo hi.

Tua ahih man in, avui atang sangin, itna ngaihna bulphuh zaw ni; Democracy kumpi maantaktak manlang ong piangta hen! Amen.

------------ ---- x ------------ --

1990 kum Kawlgam bup Democracy kiteelpi (Election) lai-in, Kalay TSP. ZNC Ex. Secretary Pu Zam Khan Thang in muntuam,gamtuamtuam aa om Zomite kilom khat in, thautang sang aa, a khauh zaw me (Vote) eimi ih muan khat pia khawm thei leng ci-a Zomi bup a ngaihna la…




(a) Kei ka heina Burma gampan ZNC khuang in hong phawng phawng ee.

(b) ZNC khuang in hong phawng phawng ee, Simlei Vannuai pianpih Zomite aw ngai na'ng ee…

(c) Pupa khanggui I suut na'ng aw, tulmawh Zolentaang ci'ng ee.

(d) Zolentaang kilbang hongkhan hen, Zomi sinlai gawm hen aw.

(e) Chin hilo Chin cilo aw, Zomi hi'ng ee Zomi hong ci aw.

(f) Zogam lei kilbang khang hen la, Zomi anbang ki-it na aw Zolentaang aw ee.

Zam Sian Sang property signed.

SIA Sukte Independant Army

SIA

SUKTE INDEPENDENT ARMY

The founder of Sukte Independent Army Pu Hau Za Lian was born in royal family clan on April 14, 1912 at Suangzang Village in Tedim Township. When he becomes 8th year old he studied at the Burmeses School 1920-1924 and continues His education at Tedim Vernacular School Standard I-VII 1924-1932. He could not continue his education, because of his father Pu Pau Za Cin as the chief of Suangzang was become old and requested to assist his father.


WESTERN CHIN LEVY ARMY

In contrast between the dictatorship policy and democratic policy, the Second World War was risen in 1939 and alliance of dictatorship policy (Germany Italy, Russia and Japan) the Japans entered in Burma in the early of 1943 and conquered all the centre land of Burma. The remain of the hill area was still in the hand of The British Government (Democratic policy alliance: England, America, and France). Then, to defend that area was formed the Eastern Kachin Levy and Western Chin Levy.

When Col. N.W. Kelly. OBE, DC called the headmen to discuss how to collect among the people for Western Levy Army and discussed three days (25-27, April 1942) with 25 persons of the chief and headmen. He promised that the twelve (12) items for the development of that area. After making agreement, the Headmen collected for to defend the authority of British. Then, to work under the tactical direction of Col. N.W. Kelly. OBE, DC, Pu Hau Za Lian was promoted as Commando Company commander and Pu Thawng Cin Thang was as Lieutenant.


THE OCCUPIED OF JAPANS

While defending two year by the Western Levy Corp, under the leadership of Chief Pum Za Mang discussed how to drive out the British from our land but Pu Lian Khaw Mang (The headman of Mualnuam) strongly opposed his proposal. However, The chief Pum Za Mang was tailed to get it as the government it self encouraged autocracy than democracy. Because of in the early February, 1943 The Japan corps conquered this land because of the secret invitation and co-cooperative involvement with the Chief of Pum Za Mang. Due to withdraw of British Army and Western Levy Army to India.



THE JAPANESE VICTORY

On the victory of that Land the Japanese centered at Tedim and Chin Defence Army was formed, a general meeting was held at Tedim Town with the Chief and headmen. General Yanagida talked to the Chief and headmen in a soft voice for about half hour. When he finished speaking, Inada translated in a very loud voice into two dozen word which means: “You the Chin Leaders must be feel this land is yours, this county belong to you from now on. You must cooperate with the Japanese Army.”

Commissioner Itoh then invited all the Chin Leaders to meet him in his office and told them that they were empowered as higher commanders in Burma-India theatre of war. Practically, nationalism crystallized when the Japanese occupied the Chin Hills and empowered the Chin Leaders in Tedim was very high in Civil and military ranks and summary powers hitherto not enjoyed by the previous government authorities. This was the reasons why Chief Pum Za Mang preferred the over lordship of the Japanese that the British over lordship that his forefathers’ conquest of land had been ceded to its surrounding territories by under the authority of the British Government.


BORN OF SUKTE INDEPENDENT ARMY

The Japanese held a meeting with the chiefs and headmen on 5-10 June, 1944, discussing about development issues. In that meeting Pu Hau Za Lian said to Japanese Officers that: “We are very grateful to the Nippon Government for delivering us from the reign of the British and working towards our development. I would like to request one things to you that: ‘Those who oppose and betray you, you may kill them according to the law. But please do not kill the many people who were not unjustly arrested without thorough interrogation and fair judgment” At this meeting Mr. Za Biak (Japan name was Hachita), the District Administration Officer said: “There are three people on the western side of the river waiting to be executed. People from that side must surrender all their guns and horses. Those who fail to do so will be beheaded”. The people came across the rule of Japanese was worse than the British government and acknowledged that the British cares as fatherhood.


SUKTE INDEPENDENT ARMY’ACTIVITIES

On the way back home from the meeting, Pu Hau Za Lian had secret agreement with Pu Thawng Za Khup. Pu Thuam Za Mang and Pu Pau Za Kam to fight against Japanese. Volunteers were to be recruited by Pu Thawng Za Khup and Pu Thuam Za Mang on the eastern side of the river and by Pu Hau Za Lian on the western side of the river. When Pu Hau Za Lian back to his village on June 11, 1944, he informed all the chiefs and headmen of the western side of the river not to surrender their guns and horses without his instruction.

On June 14, 1944 all the Chiefs and headmen at Heilei village. Pu Hau Za Lian re-lated to them about the meeting with the Japanes that was held the previous week. In that meeting what Mr. Za Biak said, how the Japanese treated our peoples and the order issued by the Japanese, is it not better to die fighting against them? Everyone at that meeting immediately agreed to fight against the Japanese. Soon, Pu Hau Za Lian had recruited 875 volunteers from the villages. They were issued arms and ammunition hidden by the Western Chin Levy at Leitawhtan yet by Capt. Burne and Lt. Thawng Cin Thang, leaders of the Western Chin Levy who were stationed at Sa-ek. The Western Chin Levies made headquarter at Taakzang, a place located north of Suangzang villages, and underwent military training together headquarter with the army of Pu Hau Za Lian.

When the Japanese knew about it, they dispatched 58 Chin Defense Army to crush the headquarter. Pu Hau Za Lian and Lt. Pu Thawng Cin Thang got this news and sent some soldiers from the army to ambush them at Kaptel Village. They captured all the 58 Chin Defense Army soldiers alive and made them their own soldiers.

At the same time, 60 soldiers from the Chin Defense Army and Gurkha Corps could no longer stand the ill treatments of the Japanese and deserted their Tedim Headquarters and surrendered to the Sukte Independent Army to joint in the fight against the Japanese. They were warmly welcome.

Pu Hau Za Lian and Lt. Thawng Cin Thang called a meeting at Heilei village on July 11, 1944, inviting the headmen and elders from the west river and discusses about attacking the Japanese Headquarter in November when the rainy season was over, and set the freedom from the Japanese rule. They agreed to wipe out the Japanese from the land, and name their troop the “Free Chin Movement” or “Zo Suakta”. The ranks were assigned as the follows:

1. Commander in Chief Pu Hau Za Lian (Suangzang)

2. Subedar Pu Thawng Khaw Mang (Suangzang)

3. Subedar Pu Thang Khen Thang (Heilei)

4. Jemedar Pu Cin Za Dal (Suangzang)

5. Jemedar Pu Tun Thual (Kaptel)

6. Jemedar Pu Song Theu (Kaptel)

7. Jemedar Pu Kam Khan Khup (Tuitawh)

8. Jemedar Pu Kam Khup (Laitui)

9. Jemedar Pu Sawm Pau (Muizawl)

10. Jemedar Pu Ngin Za Dal (Heilei)

11. Jemedar Pu Khoi Za Ngo (Heilei)


Pu Hau Za Lian was in charge as military affairs and Lt. Thawng Cin Thang of the administration as the whole movement had been organized under their leadership


FREE CHIN MOVEMENT TO SUKTE INDEPENDENT ARMY

A meeting of the Free Chin Movement officer and the villages headmen at Taakzang Heaquarters on September 1, 1944, Jemedar Tun That of Kaptel said that his proposal to change the name: “I propose to change the of our movement from “Free Chim Movement” to “Sukte Independent Army” after the land of Sukte on which started our movement to attack and wipe out the Japanese army. The proposal was unanimously accepted and the “Sukte Independent Army seal and decorations were approved”. The Pu Hau Za Lian said that: “Our new approval name the Sukte Independent Army refers to the land on which was born our movement. Our mission is to get rid of the Japanese army, who have been torturing, enslaving and killing our brothers. We must set free without discrimination all our land and our people. We are committed to sacrifice our lives fight our enemies and save our land and our people.

While the SIA Commander Pu Hau Za Lian was in the Laitui village during his tour, visiting the troops who were stationed as various villages, an urgent letter was sent to him by by Chief Pu Thuam Za Mang, Chief Pu Thawng Za Khup and Tedim Headquarters Pu Pau Za Kam. So he came back to learn from the letter that all the Chiefs and headmen from the Land of western and eastern gathering together with guns report at Suahlim, and Mr. Za Biak would arrive at Mualbem on September 14, 1944 to arrest them.

Therefore, Pu Hau Za Lian and Pu Thawng Cin Thang called a meeting with the SIA officers and headmen from the various villages at Taakzaang on September 7, 1944 to discuss about this letter. In the meeting they signed agreement to protect the chiefs and headmen of eastern side of the river from arrest by Japanese and that every villages should take the responsibility to provide the required number of men and materials for the battle. Then 421 guns and 17,000 bullets were distributed to the villages in to empowerment of the SIA activities.

Pu Hau Za Lian-Commander in Chief of SIA and Pu Thawng Cin Thang of the Western Chin Levy led the troops from Taakzang Headquarters on September 8, 1944 encamped at Suklui valley along the Manipur river. It took three days for all the troops to get eastern side of the river of the river as they have to cross it by hanging on suspended rope. Then they encamped again at the place called Belmual that was rather close to Mualbem village. When they got the information that Mr. Za Biak had arrived at Mualbem with 15 Japanese and 30 Chin Defense soldiers, the SIA soldiers left their camp Belmual at the midnight and surrounded Mualbem. Theu had planed to attack at dawn, but somebody let loose the gun at midnight and the fight began right away. The SIA killed on Japanese soldier and captured Mr. Za Biak and otheres alive. From the SIA side, Pu Phawng Kim of Suangzang village was killed and Pu Ngo Nang, Vial Lang, Pu Hau Khual and Pu Khai Za Khup were wounded.

After capturing Mualbem, the SIA opened its headquarter at the Chief Pun Thuam Za Mang house on the morning of September 15, 1944 and sent words to all people and Chin Defense Army soldiers from various village to surrender. “Then many CDA officers from the various Japanese comps came to surrender unconditionally at the SIA headquaters. They included Pu Pau Kam and Pu Lam Zam from the Limkhai village camp, Pu Kiam Piu from the Vangteh village camp, Pu Vum Khaw Hau, Pu Thian Pum and Pu Awn Ngin from Lawibual Headquarters and Pu Gin Khaw Thang, Pu Gin Za Tuang, Pu Vung Suan and Pu Pau Za Kam from the Suahlim village camp”. Since they were all young and educated, ranks and duties were immediately assigned to them as appropriate.

The Sukte Independent Army leaders continued traveling to villages around Mualbem to recruite soldiers, bring along whatever weapons they had. They were assigned ranks and duties in the Sukte Independent Army and equipped with the necessary weapons. The Sukte Independent Army increased in number and strength. Now, they were enough troops to attack the various enemy camps and headquarters in that land. The Japanese camps at Saizang, Khuavum, Takheuh, Sialtu, Khualumual, Thangngal, Zawngkong, Suahlim, Suangatkuam, Phunom, Thangnuai and Sakhiang were completely eliminated. At the same time as the Japanese in the surrounding villages of the Tedim town were fought by the Sukte Independent Army and Western Levy. On the other hand, the camps in stationed in the Kam Hau land were also attack and driven off from Lamzang, Gawngmual and other villages by the local people using their own weapons.


END OF SUKTE INDEPENDENT ARMY

After the elimination all the Japanese camps and heaaquarters in Tedim Township by The Sukte Independent Army and western Chin Levy under the leadership of Pu Hau Za Lian and Pu Thawng Cin Thang, a big celebration was held on November 27, 1944 at the Thuamvum (Forewhite). On that memorable day, Lieutenant Colonel Warren and Major Franklin from the 5th Division of British Army greeted the Sukte Independent Army commander in Chief Pu Hau Za Lian, Western Chin Levy leader Lieutenant Pu Thawng Cin Thang and all the respective officers at Thang Mual (Forwhite) with respect and admiration. In his official address, Major Franklin said that: “The 5th Division of the British Army came to fight the Japanese army and expel them from India and Burma. However, even before we arrived, the Sukte Independent Army and Western Chin Levy, out of you love for your land and your people, sacrifice your life, making use whatever weapon and ration you have, had driven away the Japanese army from your land. We acknowledge your victory with great appreciation. We will continue to pursue the remaining Japanese army in the Burmese proper. You can return to villages and families now”. By hearing the message from the Major Franklin, the Sukte Independent Army soldiers and the Western Chin Levies, returned to their villages and families with great pride and celebrated their victory even the name Sukte Independent Army is forgetting, name as their personal names, village’s names and their clan names with their own folks happily.

The commander in Chief of Sukte Independent Army Pu Hau Za Lian and the Western Chin Levy leader Lieutenant Pu Thawng Cin Thang presented their respective members with certificate of appreciation according ti their performance.

==

ZaSang Personal Magazine Saved. on May 11, 2009

Zomi, the Chindits

Zomi, the Chindits Warrriors during the World Wars 1 and 2
World War I (the Great War) broke out in 1914 with Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria fighting against England, France, Russia, America and other nations. Britain mobilized all her human resources to add strength to her fighting troops, and she recruited soldiers and non combatants from all her colonies.

In 1916, about a million soldiers and half a million non combatants from British India and Burma were sent to Mesopotamia, Iran, France and Turkey. About four thousand Zo young men went to Europe. Their journey from Chittagong, Akyab and Rangoon took them to France, where they evacuated the wounded and loaded and unloaded military supplies going to the front. Each of them, except for those who died on the ship or in Europe, brought enough money home to pay for any bride they chose to marry.

The experiences of those who went to Europe were not easily forgotten and in some cases changed beliefs. They were impressed by the war machinery of the Europeans, as the planes, ships and guns were immense developments for the boys from Zo country. They also had endless tales of their adventures and experiences with the French women of the night. Before the Zo young men left for Europe, they had been certain that the sun rose out of the mountain ranges, but when they returned, they were convinced that the sun rose from the ocean. The British demanded a fixed number of young able-bodied men from every clan and village for the French labour camps, and various Naga, Lusei and others joined the force in 1916.

During the 1st World War, 2100 young men from Zomi from the Chin Hills went to France voluntarily as the Allied Labour Corps. But in 1917, more men were demanded, one thousand men from each of the administrative subdivisions of Falam, Haka and Tedim. The Zo people, who had never left their country, feared that their youths would never come back, as was the case with some who had gone earlier. Moreover, the British still resented the collection of arms and slaves by the British.

The Second World War broke out in the year 1939 in Europe. Japan joined the war and formed an Axis with Germany and Italy. The British defence position in Burma was too weak to check the Japanese advance and so Japan occupied Burma very easily. In May, 1942, the Governor of Burma fled to Simla and established a Burmese government there. The Japanese forces released Vuamthumaung, an anti-British Zomi leader and some members of the Chin Independence Party from the Katha Jail. As soon as the Zomi politicians returned to the Zo country after crossing the dry zone of Burma on foot, they organized the Zomi freedom movement. In the meantime, Japan gave a nominal independence to Burma in 1943.

Taking the opportunity the Zomi leaders declared the independence of the Zomi from the British and formed a government with Pu Vuamthumaung as its President.


Zam Sian Sang property collected.

Kuki Management (the secret Document)

August 3, 2009, by ZaSang Saved.
Dear Editor,

Kuki Forum have become a garbage forum of mediocrity; a perfect anathema of wisdom, originality, research and intellect.
What has Miura Ichiro "A study of the Kuki archives, 1941" got to do with the Kuki Forum?
Regardless of what the contributor would like to have us beleive, the allusion is simplistic and without basis.

As I see it the problem lies here:
The term "KUKI" is a zigzsaw puzzler. Over the last 2 centuries these conglomerate of consanguinous tribes were 'described' as Kukis and worst, recorded by white observers in their journals as such.

The term Kuki, therefore, cannot be taken to be an authentic nomenclature as it merely describes, what has been observed (it might even be a contemptible description). It is neither a generic term nor a mutually accepted nomenclature. The term is hollow and sham!

So the term Kuki is alien and any attempt at tracing our roots based on such travesity is bound to be a monumental blunder
(a sheer foolishness). Editorial Board pls. take note.

Yours etc.,

Roving Journo


On Mon, Aug 3, 2009 at 12:39 PM, Ben wrote:

Ancient documents handed down in the Kuki family, what one calls the Kuki archives, came to be known to the public when Miura Ichiro published A Study of the Kuki Archives in 1941. Because it came out in a period when society was highly conservative, the Country Authorities regarded the Chapter of "the mythological age" as blasphemous and confiscated the book. According to Kuki Takaharu, the writer is said to have been imprisoned in an institute of the special political police and gone through thorough questioning sessions boardering on torture.


It goes without saying that the Kuki archives have equivalent value to the Takeshita archives and the Miyashita family's documents in Fuji as supplementary records concerning the mythological age, which were omitted in Kojiki and Nihonsyoki,the two major ancient documents in Japan. The existence of the archives, however, was seen as threatening to scholors, for whom Kojiki and Nihonsyoki were exclusively received as Orthodox. Those scholors repulsed the archives all the more because they were the ones chiefly served the retention of the national policy in those days.

Until Miura's publication came out as mentioned above, the Kuki archives were little known to the public, except that people could read an account in the volume two of Sontoku Okina Yawa in which Kuki Takahiro, the 24th head of the Kukis, gave "ten volumes of books concerning Shintoism" to the then noted scholor Ninomiya Sontoku in August,1848. It is still not clear which part the "ten volume" constitute in the Kuki archives preserved today; the present writer cannot help but feel the spirits of the Kuki family somewhat tried to work on the history at the end of the Edo period, which was a chaotic period.


After Miura's publication came Kuki-shinden-zensho by Ago Kiyotaka, a leading figure in the study of ancient history, from a publishing firm Shin Kokumin Sha in 1983. It is an honor for the present writer to have partly got involved in the undertakings. We would like to introduce a list of documents the present writer made when engaged in the arrangement of documents at Kuki's at Nishinada in Kobe city from 1972 to 1977. Listed are books concerning Shinoism in 27 volumes, martial arts in 19 volumes, Shyugendo in 9 volumes, 55 volumes in total. Of these, "old transcriptions" are documents considered to have been written at least in or before the Edo period, judging from the quality of the paper and the contents; "modern transcriptions" are those supposedly written after the Edo period.


For further information, we would like to add that there is a view in which all the documents which had been preserved by the Kuki family were reduced to ashes when their house burned down completely in the US air strikes on Akashi during the War, which is rather misunderstanding. We feel furious for those who comment on the Kuki archives, just referring to the second-hand information without looking at existing documents. The view that all the documents were "burned" is based on the four-line sentence 1 Takamatsu Chosui wrote on July 20, 1947 in the preface to Amatsutatarahibunn Kaidokuhen and also the conversation Chosui had with the people concerned; however, as we are going to mention in the next chapter, the validity of Amatsutatarahibun Kaidokuhen itself is historically dubious. The fact is that the lost document in the war is supposedlyKumano


There is a more important evidence that the Kuki archives escaped loss in the air raids. The volume "Tennomaki" of Ametsuchi Kotofumiwas confiscated by the special police in 1941, as we mentioned above. The wooden box (on the lid is painted "Ametsuchi Kotofumi Ame") that contained the scrolls had been moved with other documents and treasures to Kodo Senyo Kai Takamikura Dojo in Narui, Nishishikata-mura-aza, Innami, Hyogo. It is unthinkable that they made the box again after having lost archives in them 2 ; it is also inconceivable that the head of the Kukis failed to take some measures so that the archives, things they treasured up, would escape fire. Moreover, family treasures such as "Goshinkan of the ex Emperor Toba" and "Goshyuinjo"given by Toyotomi Hideyoshi were moved to Takamikura and are still preserved by the Kuki family.




One of the Kuki archives "Oo Nakatomi Jingi Hibun"The beginning of "Oo Nakatomi Jingi Hibun"



The List of the Kuki Archives


Documents concerning Shintoism
№The name of the documentsThe number of booksBrief OutlinesExisitent or Nonexistent
1Ametsuchi Kotofumi（Ameno maki)1scroll　Lost. The original text was confiscated by the special political police before the World War II. Only a wooden box with the tittle is kept by the Kuki family.The content is contained in A Study of the Kuki Archives by Miura Ichiro as "genealogical table of mythological age," which is about lineage before the Emperor Shinmu.Lost
2Tenchi Kotofumi（Chino maki）1scroll　A modern transcription
The genealogical table of emperors from the Emperor Shinmu up to the 62th Emperor Murakami.Exist
3Oonakatomi Shingi Hibun1scroll　A modern transcriptionExist
4Nakatomi Hibhouhen 11scroll　Lost
5Naktomi Shinden Hisouhen 11scroll　Lost
6Nakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihouhen 11scroll　Lost
7Nakatomi Hihouhen 21scroll　An old transcriptionExist
8Nakatomi Hihouhen 31scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu ChosuiExist
9Nakatomi Hihouhen 41scroll　A modern transcriptionExist
10Shinden Hisouhen 21scroll　An old transcriptionExist
11Nakatomi Shinden Hisouhen 31scroll　A modern transcriptionExist
12Shinden Hisouhen 41scroll　This one is generally called Sinden Kubikazari Magatama DenLost
13Nakatomi Shinden Hisouhen 51scroll　Lost
14Kamitsukasa Hihouhen 21scroll　An old transcriptionExist
15Nakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihouhen 31scroll　A modern transcription
Concerning mythological charactersExist
16Nakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihouhen 41scroll　Lost
17Nakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihouhen 51scroll　A modern transcription
At the beginning is written "Nakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihou Hen num. 2" Concerning herbsExist
18Futonorito1scroll　A transcription by Kuki TakaharuExist
19Kimonnorito1scroll　Exist
20Tenchisei3vol. Shinpouhitai1scroll　This is a scroll referred in A Study of the Kuki Archives as "This was handed down by Fujiwara Kamatari." The existing scroll is "Oomichi Shikifunomikoto ki," which does not seem to be old.Exist
21Amenokumohi・Hokouden1scroll　An excerpt fromNakatomi Kamitsukasa Hihou Hen numb.2.
Concerning moxibustion Exist
22Shinshi Ryaku1vol.　When Koudou Senyoukai Jinji Kyoku invited Fujiwara Toshihide from the Ministry of Education as Nakatomi Kamitsukasa(A teacher of Nakatomi Shinto), they made a tripartite manual for training teachers. This one deals with hisorical aspects of Shintoism.Exist
23Oonakatomi Shinpou Hiou1vol.　A manual above mentioned. This one deals with Shinpo.Exist
24Oonakatomi Shinpou Hibun1vol.　A manual above mentioned. This one includes Hibun and Norito.Exist
25Kotofumi1vol.　A modern transcription
There is a note by Chosui that he transcribed this one on April 3, 1935 at the beginning of the volume. Considering the fact that documents handed down in Izumo regions are partly quoted, this volume can be regarded as of collateral value. The original text was treasured in Kumano Gongen-sha and officially called Kumanosha Kotofumi.Exist
26Kumanogongensha Youhaishiki1doc.　AnoymousExist
27Jindai no maki1doc.　This is a transcription by Takamatsu Chosui; this one remains in the form of MS.. On it is written "Transcribed by Kuki Takahiro in 1870." The title page and postscripts are lost. Exist
27vols in total（including documents）

Documents concerning Martial Arts
№The name of the
documentsThe number of volumesBrief OutlinesExisitent or Nonexistent
1Tenshinhyohou Shinken Kakki Ron 11scroll　An old transcriptionExist
2Kuki Shyumon Taijutsu Kappo Ron 11scroll　An old transcription
The tittle shoud be "Tenshin Hyoho instead of "Kukishumon.”Exist
3Tenmon Chimonhen 11scroll　An old transcriptionExist
4Tenshinhyohou Jochiku Jinei Senryakuhen 11scroll　An old transcriptionExist
5Kisyoumon Maegakinokoto1scroll　An old transcription.This one is referred to as "Kuki Shin Ryu Bukyo-no-taido" in A Study of the Kuki Archive. Miura quoted the expression from the first line of the beginning of the book.Exist
6Kukishinden・Tehshinhyohou Taijutsu Kappo Ron 21scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui.Exist
7Kukishinden・Tehshinhyohou Tenmonchimonhen 21scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui. An explanatory volume ofTenmon Chimon hen Exist
8Kukishinden・Tenshinhyouhou Taijutsu Kappo Ron 31scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui.Exist
9Tenshinhyohou Shinken Kakki Ron 21scroll　A moern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui.Exist
10Tenshinhyouhou Shinken Kakki Ron 31scroll　A modern transcription by takamatsu Chosui.Exist
11Tenshinhyouhou Chikujo Jinei Senryakuhen 21scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui.Exist
12Tenshinhyouhou・Ryuko no maki1scroll　A modern Transcription by Takamatsu Chosui. At the end of the scroll is the line "the descendant of Shiro zaemon, Takekuni, Minamonono Masakuni transcribed, " which suggests the scroll belongs to the Bessho family.The word Takekuni is crossed out, presumably having been mistakingly written down. The scroll starts with the origin of the scroll, followed by the list of articles included in The Scroll of Dragon and The Scroll of Tiger. No postscript. These two scrolls were supposedly handed down seperately. The former is concerning religious secrets; the latter martial arts secrets. Exist
13Shirotorinawabari Bukouno Hidennokoto1scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui.This is left in the form of draft.An excerpt fromTenshinhyouhou Jouchiku Jinei Senryakuhen.Exist
14Kukishin Ryu Taijutsu・ Gokui Mokuroku1scroll　A transcription by Takamatsu ChosiExist
15Kukishin Ryu Gokui・Menkyo Mokuroku1scrollA taranscription by Takamatsu ChosuiExist
16Kukishin Ryu Taijutsu・Mokuroku 1scroll　A　transcription by Takamatsu ChosuiExist
17Kukishin Ryu Four volume-Mokuroku 1scroll　A transcription by Takamatsu Chosui. "Four volumes" are Shoden・ Chuden ・Gongokui ・Chugokui, compiled into one scroll.Exsit
18Documents of the membership1scroll　A transcription by Takamatsu Chosui, but the latter half of it has traces of some additions and corrections by him.Exist
19The geneological table of martial arts teachers1scroll　Written by Chousi. A miscellaneas containing fragmentary stories. This one is of value in that it gives us detailed information about martial arts teachers.Exist
19 volumes in total

Volumes Concerning Shugendo
№The name of volumesThe number of volumesBrief OutlinesExistent or Nonexistent
1Kongou Hihouhen 1scroll　An old transcriptionexist
2Sanmitsu Hourikihen 11scroll　An old transcriptionexist
3Kongou Mippouhen1scroll　A modern transcription Preserved in the form of draft.A companion volume to Kongou Hihouhen.exist
4Sanmitsu Hourikihen 21scroll　A modern transcripition preserved in the form of draft.exist
5Gomasidaisaitoushikiryaku Koshikigyoujyashyuhou1scroll　A modern transcription by Takamatsu Chosui without postscript. exist
6Kumanosyugen Raihaisahou1scroll　exist
7Kumanosyugengyoujya Nakatomishikisahou 1scroll　exist
8Kumano Syugengyojanoseishin to Michishirube(The mentalities of mountaineering ascetics and its way)1scroll　The original text was written by Takamatsu Chosui, concerning the origin of Amatsutatara Hibun with book lists.exist
9A volume concerning Sanscrit characters.1vol.　Original text. No tittle.exist
9 volumes in total




[ Notes ]
1."[the Kuki documents] were lost in an air raid in 1945, when they were preserved by the 73th head of the Kukis. Fortunately, I [Chosui]had got an opprtunity to read the documents before it.Tatarahibun was re-compiled and completed by Kuki Nabesaburou Takayuki, the 23th generation from Saint Mongaku."
2When the present writer(Takatsuka) frequented to the Kuki's in Nishinada in Kobe, the Kuki archives, comprised of 50 volumes, were preserved in a brown leather bag. The faded color of the bag told of the time passed by. According to Kuki Takaharu, the color of the bag faded because the documents had been preserved to the day(about 1972) just the way they were preserved when sent to Takamikura Shrine.

Kmatsutatara Hibun 1,comprised of 18 volumes, is transcriptions by Takamatsu Chosui(his real first name Toshitsugu); Chosui transcribed them around 1949 at the premises of the Kukis located at Uenomaru 3 chome, Akashi, Akashi city, Hyogo. After its compilation, Chosui gave back the transcriptions to the Kuki family on April 3, 1949. According to the preface, the original text was lost when the Kukis'house burned down in air raids during the World War II; fortunately, Chosui had already transcribed the documents, and later gave them compilation and arranged them in the form of three volumes: Ten, Chi, Jin, respectively.
We are going to see the origins of the documents by quoting from the preface "The origin of Amatsu Tatara Hibun-no-maki" by Takamatsu Chosui dated July 20, 1947.
Amatsutatara Hibun is a precious scroll on which the principle for ruling the state is written, to which the Emperor Jinmu conformed when ruling Yamato ---the unity of religion(Shintoism) and politics. Later the 10th Emperor ordered Ootataneko to consecrate a shrine to Oomononushi-no-Kami and preserved the scroll in it in 92 B.C.. The scroll was lost when Sogano Iruka set fire to the shrine; Fujiwara Kamatari was given the scroll with explanatory notes(i.e.Amatsutatara Hibun Kaidoku-hen) by the Emperor Tenchi when he was conferred the rank Taishokukan.2It is said that the document, made of cedar bark,had been preserved in Isonokami shrine, written in mythological characters called Kamiyomoji with an explanation in Chinese characters. 3
Judging from the postscript the 27th head Fujiwara Tanzo wrote after compilation of the scroll which goes "[This scroll],which is made of the same cedar bark, is identical with the one lost in fire set by Sogano Iruka," the scroll lost in Soga Rebellion in 643 and the scroll Kamatari received from the Emperor Tenchi (i.e. the one preserved in Isonokami Shrine) were identical in terms of the text; the former was without an explanation, the latter had explanatory notes.
There is, however, a opposite view in which the scroll lost in Soga Rebellion was with explanation notes and the one Kamatari was given lacked them; the first compiler Muchi Maro is said to have compiled it with great pains (From the preface by Kuki Nabesabuo Takayuki in the second volume of Nakatomishinden Kaidoku Hen) The two conflicting views suggest the existence of two versions of the scroll. It is said that the scroll has been transcribed by some of ancestors of the Kuki family and the final compiler as of today is Takamatsu Chosui. The table below summarises the history of the compilations.




　The name of compilersThe date of completionForm
The first
compilation Muromachi EmiUnknown. Between 679 A.D. and 737 A.D.Changed into two volumes by adding explanatory notes
The second
compilation Fujiwara YoshifusaUnknown. Between 803 A.D.and 872 A.D.Changed into five volumes
The third
compilation Fujiwara TanzouIn February, 1191Added explanatory notes and revised
The fouth
compilation Kuki Umanosuke TakayoshiIn May, 1353Revised into 18 volumes by adding techniques of his father Yakushimaru Ryujin.
The fifth
compilation Kuki Nabesaburou TakayukiIn February, 1649Transcribed it again and brought it to perfection
The sixth
compilation Takamatsu Chosui ToshitsuguIn August, 1947Returned the document to the Kuki family after compiling it into three volumes: Ten Chi, Jin.




What should be kept in mind is there was a 28-year timelag between the time Cosui transcribed the original text and the time he completed it. During this period, Chosui was in China, serving as the head of Nohon Minkoku Seinen Butokukai. Furthermore, we can see Chosui's lamentation over lost documents in some of the letters he wrote to the Kuki family; it is hard to believe that Chosui restored the ancient documents accurately. Just reading the restored document by Chosui raises lots of questions as follows;

First, the third compiler Fujiwara Tanzo, whose tittle was Tanabe Betto Hokyo, was regarded as the identical person with Saint Mongaku.4 It can be easily perceived the two were totally different persons if we read carefully the documents like The Genealogical Table of the Kuki Family, which says "Hokyo Tanabe Betto, together with Saint Mongaku, asked Sahonosuke Yoritomo to rise in revolt against the Heike clan under the order of the ex-Emperor Toba." Second, the parenthetical passages quoted followed by "Ryujin says" or "Ookuni says" are in fact quoted from a Chinese book "Sonshi," which raises the question of its originarity. Third, on the genealogical table included on the text are names of celebrities of the past and present without any logicl connection as to what schools of martial arts they belonged to. Even the names of celebrities after the Meiji period are included on the table. The document cannot evade charges of fabrication even if we take it into consideration that those names were added by Chosui when compiling them. Fourth, there is a major error that the date of signature by Kuki Nabesaburo Takayuki does not tally with his dates. The 18th volume of Amatsutatara Hibun registers his signature and the date of completion of the documents as February, 1651. It is obvious from a registry Hankanfu and the inscription on his tombstone that Kuki Nabesaburo Takayuki died on May2, 1691 at the age of 21. Which leads to an incoherent conclusion that the document was compiled by Takayuki 19 years before his birthdate. Even Takayuki's father Takatsune was only 5 years old in 1651.

Moreover, it is too hasty to assume all of the Kuki archives were forced to ashes as some peiople point out just because there is a description by Chosui in the preface to this document, which reads "[The document] were lost in air raids in 1945, when they were preserved by the 73th head of the Kukis." 5

Admitting these defects, however, one should not jump to conclusions thatAmatsutatara Hibun is valueless. The matter of mistaken identity, the fabrication of the genealogical table, the existence of plagiarized passage in the document and incoherence in dates---these problems easily lead us to the conclusion that the document is a mere fabrication. But there still remains a question that if it was possible for Chosui, however talented he was, to make up the entire document that includes lots of information without depending on any other sources; one can recognize traces of lost Kuki documents in them. Aside from the problems of documentation, it gives us useful infromation. In specific, the list of techniques of Kukishin Ryu is a detailed record of techniques Chosui learned from Ishitani Matsutarou(Included are techniques of Kenpo, Spear, Naginata, Bar, Han-bo and Taijutsu).

In sum, Amatsutatara Hibun is re-constructed documents by Chosui, who frequented to the Kukis in Akashi around 1921 and transcribed various ancient documents preserved by the family. He reconstructed the information he studied by adding all the information he got after the World War II. 6

For further information, the Kuki family had reportedly preserved a scroll called Kunanosha Kotofumi before the War broke out. 7 There is a comment under the date of the third of April, 1935 to the effect that Chosui transcribed the scroll. Judging from the contents of it, the scroll belongs to documents handed down in Izumo, or Shimane regions(prefecture)and does not fall into the category of the Kuki archives proper. Matter-of-factly, Miura's A Study of the Kuki Archives does not touch on the scroll. And the fact the scroll was preserved seperately from other ancient documents when the present writer made a research and the way it was "treated" by the Kuki family indicates the scroll is of different nature. But the passage "Amatsutatara Kakushi Fumi" written in mythological characters on the scroll gives us a clear notion of what the real meaning of Amatsutatara is and it is almost without doubt that the document "lost in air raids during the World War II" (from the preface to The origin of Amatsutatara Hibun by Takamatsu Chosui) refers to this "one-reel scroll."




The beginning of
"Kumanosha Kotofumi"An illustration from
"Kumanosha Kotofumi"



What is Amatsutatara? In "Kotofumi" there are 34 lines written in ancient letters, at the top of which is a line that reads " I [Amaterasuoomikami, the goddess of sun] govern a prospering country. A maiden holds Amatsu-sugaso, and another holds Kanagi-no-Tatara, hoping sustained growth of the country." In an illustration on the document, there is a young lady standing on the left side of the goddess of the sun in the center, that is, on the right as readers look at the picture. And the weapon the young lady holds is nothing but Amatsutatara. It seems that Amatsutatara is identical with Ikashihoko, a device which have been frequently used in Shinto ceremonies. Samples of items excavated in the Edo period from the Seimu Mausoleum in Goryo-mae, aza, sanryo cho, Nara prefecture are described in the 28th vol. of "Kassi Yawa." In the book is a description of "Igashihoko," which is supposedly the prototype of Yatsukano Tsurugi, one of the Tree Sacred Treasures of the Imperial House. In this connection, the book denies the influence of "Sanko" and "Goko," devices used in Buddhist ceremonies, because the Emperor Seimu(131A.D.- 191 A.D. ) reigned the country before the arrival of Buddhism.




A Picture of Ikashihoko(From the 28th vol. of Kasshi Yawa)



Finally, we would like to note Amatsutatara Hibun is a work of Takamatsu Chosui, which took him about a year and a half to finish compilation; he satrted in July 20, 1947 and ended on April 3, 1949, when he presented it to the Kuki family. The documents was comprised of 18 volumes with one supplementary volume when Nabesaburo Takayuki finished compilation. In compilation, Chosui reconstructed the documents into three volumes Ten,Chi, Jin, with a variant text called Nakatomi Shinden Kaidoku Hen added8.The following is the list of all the documents in Amatsutatara Hibun and we hope to see further development of the research.


Amatsutatara Hibun Kaidokuhen 18vol.
The List of Documents


　Tittlecontents
Jin
no
maki Introductory statements Included are "The Genealogical Table of the Kuki Family" and "The Origin of Amatsutatara Hibun" etc. Presumably added by Chosui when compilating them.
The 1st vol. Tenshinhyoho Kuki Gunryuakuhiketsuhen 9Kuki Chikujo no makiIncluding "Invincible Castle Building"
The 2nd vol. Kuki Jinnei no makiIncluding "Military Strategy"
The 3rd vol. Kuki Gunryaku no maki
The 4th vol. Tenshinhyoho Bumon Kappo RonKiki Tenmon Chimon no maki
Ten
no
makiThe 5th vol. Kuki Kajutsu Hihou no maki
Supplementary volumeNakatami Shinden Kaidokuhen
The 6th vol. Tenshinhyoho Bumon Kappo RonA volume concerning equestrian archery
The 7th vol. Tenshinhyoho Syumon Souhi RonA volume concerning religion
the 8th vol. A volume concerning herbs
the 9th vol. A volume concerningflower arrangementsand tea ceremony
the 10th vol. Tenshinhyoho Shinken Kakki RonKuki Kenpo Hisouhenno maki
the 11th vol. Kuki Soujutsu Hibunhen no maki
the 12th vol. Kuki Naginata Hissyohen no maki
the 13th vol. Kuki Bojutsu Hibunhen no maki
Chi
no
makia supplement of the 13th vol. Kuki Bojutsu Hibunhen no maki(a supplement:Han-bo)
the 14th vol. Kuki Taijutsu Kappohen no maki
the 15th vol. Tenshin Syumon Shinri RonKuki Majimono Uranai no maki
the 16th vol. Kuki Houkyou Hiden no maki
the 17th vol. Kuki Kanagihen no maki
the 18th vol. Kuki Himorogihen no maki
　 The secrets of Amatsutatara Hibun A postscript to the 18 vol. Included are secrets of Kukishin Ryu.



Apart from this, there exists documents of the Kuki family, comprised of 36 volumes and 9 supplementary books(of these, the 20th volume and the 8th volume of the supplementrary are lost) Judging from the contents, these are not old documents but somoething that can be called Chosui's "study notes." 9



[ Notes ]
1In Kotofumi handed dwon in the Ochi family, Chosui found the expression "the precious document of Amatsutatara()etc." The result of his research based on this document explains that the word "" reads "Tatara," meaning the principle of nature, and ""reads "To,"meaning the secrets of the art of war. Amatsutatara, therefore, is a way to decipher the principle of nature; it implies the unity of Shintoism() and martial arts().
2This means mythological characters had already ceased to be used for a long time then.
3"Explanatory notes" would mean a translation, but this part of expression is modern and one cannot help but feel a touch of Chosui's "composition."
4The 27th descendant of Fujiwara Kamatari, Saint Mongaku says after the completion of this volume ・・・. (From the first volume,Jin no maki of "The Origin of Amatsutatara Hibun no maki"
5"Keian 4" (1651) could be "Genroku 4" (1691), when Takayuki passed away.
6After the beginning of the Meiji period, the Soke Kuki moved to Tokyo, where he kept on living during the Taisho period. Because there were social disturbances like the Omoto-kyo religious sect incident in 1922, part of the Kuki archives was on the verge of scattering. Takamatsu Chosui was the one who took pains to collect and research those ancient documents at Kuki Takaharu's wish. (From a comment by Kuki Takaharu.)
7The tittle is just "Kotofumi." At the beginning of it is Chosui's note dated April 3, 1935 with his own signature: "After performing purification, I get down to the business of compiling Amatsutatara Hibun." At the end of it is a colophon signed on the same date by Kuki Takaharu, giving him the permittion.
8The list is incerted between the beginning of Ten no maki and Ten shin Hyoho Bumon Kappo Ron: Kuki Kajutsu Hiho no maki. The following is the list :

1:Introduction (No tittle. This is said to have been written by Kuki Nabesaburo Takayuki.)
2:The genealogical table of martial arts teachers(written by Chosui?)
3:Kendo Mokuroku(This is the only document that use the modern expression "Kendo."
4:Naginata Mokuroku
5:Soujutsu Mokuroku
6:Bojutsu Mokuroku
7:Han-bo Mokuroku
8:Taijutsu Mokuroku

9There are lost books in the Kuki archives; we would like to cite books included on the book list in Amatsutatara Kotofumi no kaigiTakamatsu Chosui sent to Kuki Takaharu on August 14, 1951 and also in the list in Kumano Shyugenjy-no-Seishi-to-Michishirube:

1:Kuki Hibunshi Ron 3vol.
2:Kuki Soumon Shinpi Kansei 2vol.
3:Kuki Soumon Seikan Ron 3vol.
4:Kuki Himorogihennomaki 3vol.
5:Kuki Kanagihennomaki 2vol.
6:Kuki Houkyou Hidennomaki 4vol.
7:Kuki Kado Cha hennomaki 1vol.
8:Kuki Gunryakunomaki 2vol.
9:Kuki Tenmon Chimonnomaki 4vol.
10:Kuki Chikujyo nomaki 1vol.
11:Kuki Jinryaku nomaki 1vol.
12:Kuki Teppo Kajutsunomaki 1vol.
13:Kuki Kisha Hihounomaki 1vol.
14:Kuki Kenpo Hisouhennomaki 1vol.
15:Kuki Soujutsu Hibunnhennomaki 1vol.
16:Kuki Naginata Hishyouhennomaki 1vol.
17:Kuki Bojutsu Hihouhennomaki 2vol.
18:Kuki Jutaijutsu Kappouhennomaki 3vol.

Meitei Corps

Meitei
· HPC Hmar People's Convention
(Also known as HRF - Hmar Revolutionary Front)

· KNF Kuki National Front

· NSCN (I-M) National Socialist Council of Nagaland (I-M)

· PLA Peoples' Liberation Army

· PREPAK People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak

· UNLF United National Liberation Front

· CKRF Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front

· HPC(D) Hmar People's Convention (Democratic)

· IKL Iripak Kanba Lup

· INF Islamic National Front

· IPRA Indigenous People's Revolutionary Alliance

· IRF Islamic Revolutionary Front

· KCP Kangleipak Communist Party

· KDF Kuki Defence Force

· KIA Kuki Independent Army

· KIF Kuki International Force

· KKK Kangleipak Kanba Kanglup

· KLF Kuki Liberation Front

· KLO Kangleipak Liberation Organisation

· KNA Kuki National Army

· KNF(P) Kuki National Front (?)

· KNV Kuki National Volunteers

· KRF Kuki Revolutionary Front

· KRPC Kom Rem People's Convention

· KSF Kuki Security Force

· KYKL(O) Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (Oken)

· KYKL(T) Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup (Toijamba)

· MLTA Manipur Liberation Tiger Army

· MPA Manipur People's Army

· MPLF Manipur People's Liberation Front
(Unified platform of UNLF, PLA and PREPAK)

· PRA People's Republican Army

· PULF People's United Liberation Front

· RPF Revolutionary People's Front

· UKLF United Kuki Liberation Front

· ZRA Zomi Revolutionary Army

· ZDV Zou Defence Volunteers

=
saved by ZaSang

PREPAK meitei

People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)


History



The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed under the leadership of R.K. Tulachandra on October 9, 1977. Kangleipak is the ancient name of Manipur. A series of dacoities and ambushes committed in 1978 and 1979 were also attributed to PREPAK. The object was to snatch arms from the security forces and collect money for purchasing arms. Their arsenal was built up by looting arms from the police and para-military forces and buying from the poorly paid Myanmarese soldiers deployed across India's borders. In 1980 a small group split off from PREPAK to form the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP). On November 12, 1985, the founder and chairman of PREPAK R.K. Tulachandra was killed in a shootout in Kabowakching area, 14 km. south of Imphal. Following his death, S. Wanglen became the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of PREPAK. The organisation's General Secretary, Lumbeban Masunga was killed on May 19, 1993. In 1980s and in early 1990s, many cadres were killed in factional clashes. The fraction-riddled party was transformed into a well organised and trained force in the late 1990s. In this process PREPAK leader late Urrikhinbam Sarat alias Meiraba played a crucial role.

In the early nineties, PREPAK along with other Meitei militant organization launched a social reformation campaign to eradicate the social crimes. It had given punishment against those persons involved in rape cases. The party also took action against drug users, drug peddlers and smashes alcohol vendors in an attempt to bring a social change in Manipur.

On safeguarding Manipur's territorial integrity, PREPAK's Defence Secretary Chinglemba Mangang declared on October 17, 2003 that the MPLF (a conglomeration of three militants groups - UNLF, RPF and PREPAK) was fully prepared to extend all possible help, including "military support" to the Manipuri peoples' fight against any threat to their territory.

Objective

Claiming to be the "most genuine revolutionary groups" in Manipur, the PREPAK's demand is the establishment of an independent state of Manipur.

Command Structure

PREPAK has a well-defined command structure. The Central Committee of the party is the highest decision making body and all political and military decisions are made by it. The political wing is headed by a Chairman. The armed wing of the outfit is called the Red Army and is under the direct control of a Commander-in-Chief. For the convenience of operation, it has set up district commands. A district command is headed by a district commander and includes in its ranks lieutenants, sergeants major, sergeants, corporals, and lance corporals. A district command is further divided into units. A women's wing has been set up and work mainly in organizational activities.

Leaders

Presently, the post of Chairman is vacant. Vice-Chairman is Naba and Subhash @ Paliba is the General Secretary. Tajila is the Commander-in- Chief. Other Secretaries are Home, Defence, Finance, Organisation and Publicity and Propaganda. Chinglemba Mangang is the Defence Secretary and Chief of Army staff of PREPAK.

Achamba was the Chairman of the party but he was removed from the party some time back. The party has not made public about his removal. This is the information I which got from some party members. However, they to divulge the reasons for his removal.

Strength

According to web site, the South Asian Terrorism Portal, it has about 200 fighters. But sources closed to the rebel group claimed that it has more than 500 committed fighters. It is believed that PREPAK has bought a wide range of weapons including AK - series, rocket launchers, mortars, snipers, explosives etc. from the South Asian markets. Of late, PREPAK has become a force to reckon with. It has launched a serious of operations against Indian security forces alone and with coordination with other militant groups like United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and Revolutionary People's Front (RPF).


Areas of Operation



In the 80s PREPAK's area of operation was largely confined to the Imphal valley. However, its area of activities gradually expanded to the southern hilly parts of Manipur and its contiguous areas straddle along Mizoram and Assam. From the early 90s PREPAK has been operating in Chandel district of Manipur, in coordination with other militant groups such as RPF, UNLF and with support from other tribal rebel groups like Kuki National Front (KNF), and Zomi Defence Volunteers (ZDV). PREPAK is also reported to carry out attacks in certain areas of Mizoram and in North Tripura.

Popular Support

PREPAK's support base comes from the dominant Meitei community. It has strong support base in the four valley districts - Imphal West, Imphal East, Thoubal and Bishenpur - of Manipur.

Funding



PREPAK's main source of income used to come from extortion from businessmen, contractors, and employees of the state government, but of late the party has stopped extortion from the people. According to a decision taken in 1998, the party has stopped extortion of money from individuals. In a press release to the local newspaper Sangai Express on 17 June 2004, PREPAK claimed that there was no change in the decision. The PREPAK, which earlier collected a monthly tax of 1 to 2 per cent depending on the salary of the employees, declared along with UNLF and RPF in January 2002 that the party would no longer collect money from the government employees from 15 January. Since then PREPAK along with the UNLF and RPF has stopped collecting monthly tax from government employees. The group also receives financial support from its sympathisers. So far there has been no report of PREPAK's involvement in drug smuggling to finance its party activities.

Training Camps

In Manipur, its cadres are given training in two different areas. The General Headquarters (GHQs) of the rebel group is located in Sajik Tampak area of Chandel district. So far many batches of PREPAK cadres had received guerrilla warfare training in the thick jungles of the district. In the bordering Churachanpur district, it is reported that PREPAK has also set up training camps. Besides, PREPAK also receives military training in Nagaland-Myanmar border with support from NSCN (Khaplang).

Activities

Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), the two banned outfits had decided to launch joint operations from December 2003. General Secretary of PREPAK, Paliba, announced the decision to launch joint operations at a function held to observe the MPLF's "national black day" on October 15, 2003.

PREPAK along with other militant groups operating in northeast had banned screening of Hindi films from 15 November 2003. It considers Hindi movies as a threat to the socio-cultural values of the people of the region. In a joint press release on August 7, 2003 militants groups appealed to all concerned, particularly cinema hall owners, cable TV operators and producers and directors of regional films, to comply with this decision in the larger interest of the Region as a whole. The press release stated Arunachal Pradesh as a glaring example where Hindi has been imposed to become almost a local language. PREPAK perceive this as a direct threat that must be resisted.

Casualties



From 1999 to 2003, Indian Army, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and state security forces killed 26 cadres of PREPAK. During this period, 22 PREPAK rebels were arrested from various places of the state, while PREPAK killed 2 security forces and injured 8 personnel in various attacks launched against the Indian security forces. Seven civilian casualties were also reported in encounters between PREPAK and security forces during this period.

Internal Linkages

PREPAK has closed connections with RPF and UNLF militant groups. In 1999, PREPAK along with RPF and UNLF formed the Manipur People's Liberation Front (MPLF). The three constituents of MPLF have been waging an armed struggle for more than 40 years. The party has also links with Kuki militants like Kuki National Front. It has also understanding with Zomi Defence Volunteers (ZFD). Relations are being developed between PREPAK and Hmar Peoples Convention Democratic (HPCD), a Mizoram underground group.

External Linkages

In the early eighties PREPAK used to receive weapons and training in exchange for hard cash from the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) of Myanmar. PREPAK has also links with Tripura's All Tripura Tribal Force (ATTF) and National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT).

Publications

PREPAK publishes a monthly journal called Literature. It also publishes occasional papers and booklets.

Talks with the Government

PREPAK has ruled out talks with the Government of India unless the question of independence of Manipur is included in the agenda. The organisation rejected former Manipur Chief Minister Radhabinod Koijam's cease-fire offer of March 1, 2001.



==
Meitei in Manipur

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dateMon, Aug 3, 2009 at 5:13 PM
subject[Kukiforum] Managing Manipur
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Managing Manipur
-Lt Col SD Goswami
Manipur is known for its ethnic and cultural diversity, but the state has been plagued by internecine conflicts among different ethnic groups and tribes. The state is home to the Meiteis — the major ethnic group in the state. There are about thirty different tribes inhabiting Manipur. Some of the larger tribes include Nagas, Kukis, Paites, Thadous, Simtes, Vaipheis, Raltes, Gangtes and Hmars. Unlike the Meiteis, who occupy the Imphal Valley, the other tribes inhabit the surrounding hill districts. The Meiteis constitute more than fifty per cent of the population but occupy only one-tenth of the State’s area.

The Meiteis do not belong to the Scheduled Tribe (ST) category while the hill tribes enjoy certain privileges like job reservation, protection of their lands from settlement and ownership by non-STs even if they are Manipuris. This has been strongly resented by the Meiteis who perceive that the hill tribes are garnering benefits disproportionate to their population.
A view of the veterinary camp conducted by the mobile vetrinary hospital of 3 Corps

Manipur was merged fully with the Indian Union on October 15, 1949 but it became a full-fledged state more than two decades later, in 1972. This delay in granting statehood caused discontent among the Meiteis and this gave rise to secessionist tendencies among a section of the Meiteis. As a result, a number of separatist groups emerged thereafter. On November 24, 1964, Samarendra Singh founded the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) to achieve ‘independence’ and establish a socialist society. In December 1968, a breakaway group of the UNLF, led by Oinam Sudhir Kumar, established a ‘government-in-exile’ called Revolutionary Government of Manipur (RGM) with headquarters in Shylhet, in the then East Pakistan. The RGM was backed by Pakistan. The primary objective of the RGM was to ‘liberate’ Manipur through an armed struggle. The RGM maintained an elaborate underground organisation. Its administrative and civil get-up included a home minister, a finance minister, a foreign minister and an army chief of staff with Sudhir Kumar as General Secretary.
However, the Meitei secessionist movement received a serious jolt when most of its leaders were arrested during the Bangladesh liberation war in 1971. The movement gradually fizzled out with rest of the leaders accepting the amnesty offered by the then Chief Minister of the State, Mr RK Dorendro Singh.
Some of the Meitei rebels, including N Bisheswar Singh, were detained in Tripura jails in the company of Naxalites-leftwing extremists. Bisheswar Singh and his associates were indoctrinated there into Maoist thought. After his release from jail, Bisheswar along with a team of 16 other Meitei rebels, left for Lasha in Tibet, on June 14, 1975, to seek Chinese assistance. The team returned to Maniupr in 1976 after receiving extensive training in guerrilla warfare. On September 25, 1978, Bisheswar formed the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) to achieve ‘independence’ through armed struggle.
Apart from the formation of the PLA, Manipur witnessed the growth of a number of Meitei underground organisations with similar objectives in the late seventies and early eighties: People’s Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) led by RK Tulachandra in 1977 and Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) in 1980. Some lesser-known insurgent groups such as Pairei Liberation Front (1979), Meitei State Committee and United People’s Revolutionary Socialist party also sprang up.

Meitei insurgents stepped up their activities during 1979-81. They unleashed a violent campaign looting banks and treasuries and killing many security force personnel. The number of persons killed in acts of violence went up from two in 1978 to 14 in 1979, 36 in 1980, and 51 in 1981. In order to tackle the situation, the entire Imphal Valley was declared a disturbed area and the Armed Forces (Special powers) Act, 1958, was imposed on the Valley in September 1980. Subsequently, security forces arrested Tulachandra, the leader of PREPAK, while the leader of the rival PREPAK faction, Maipak Sharma, surrendered the same year. Security forces also succeeded in destroying several bases of the Meitei insurgent groups. Security forces, while raiding a PLA camp in Tekcham, Thoubal district, killed nearly its entire top-leadership and arrested Bisheswar on July 6, 1981. On October 26, 1981, the PLA, PREPAK and the KCP were notified as unlawful organisations.

Counter-insurgency operations continued and on April 13, 1982, the new PLA leader, Thoundam Kunjabehari and eight other activists were killed in an encounter in Kadampokpi, near Imphal. Following these setbacks, the PLA failed to keep up the momentum, though sporadic low-level terrorist activities continued. But two other Meitei insurgent group-PREPAK and the KCP-found it difficult to recover from the losses suffered during counter-insurgency operations.

The end of the eighties once again engulfed Manipur in insurgency. Meitei extremists groups, particularly PLA, stepped up their activities. PLA militants killed Vandana Mellick, an Indian Police service (IPS) officer in an ambush near Imphal on April 8, 1989. Importantly, the PLA reorganised itself and formed a political wing called the Revolutionary People’s Front (RPF) the same year. The RPF seeks the secession of Manipur from India. The RPF established a ‘government-in-exile’ in Bangladesh’s Shylhet district, with Irengbam Bhorot Singh as the president. The RPF had a vice-president, a general secretary, secretaries in charge of various departments like home, finance foreign affairs, publicity and communications, social welfare, health and education. The armed wing of the RPF, PLA, was similarly reorganised on the lines of a disciplined army. The PLA had set up two camps in Myanmar and five in Bangladesh, Reports indicate that about a thousand PLA recruits received arms training in these camps. The PLA also formed a united front of Meitei extremists called Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC) along with PREPAK and KCP. In its bid to enlist the support of the people, the PLA launched a vigorous drive against drug peddlers, in the early nineties.

Moreover, Meitei insurgent groups sought to project pan-Mongoloid identity. They rejected the Bengali script, which they believed suppressed their language and culture. To assert their separate identity, they revived the practices of old the Meitei religion-Senamahi. The insurgents also began to raise their voice against the Mayangs (outsiders) settled in Manipur. They perceived that domination by outsiders was largely responsible for their economic and social backwardness. The Pangals or Manipuri Muslims who constitute over seven percent of the population had been considered as Mayangs. In May, 1993, more than 90 people, including women and children, were killed in a series of clashes between the Meiteis and Pangals in Thoubal and Imphal districts. Reports indicate that the people’s Republican Army (PRA) that was set up in the early nineties instigated the communal clashes. Reports also sugest that a section of the Pangals established links in bangladesh and with Pakistan’s Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) for weapons and other assistance. Besides, a number of new outfits such as People’s United Liberation Front (PULF), north East Minority Front (NEMF), Islamic National Front, Islamic Revolutionary Front (IRF) and United Islamic Liberation Army (UILA) had been formed in order to protect their community.

While Meitei outfits remained active in the Imphal Valley, the major Naga insurgent group - National socialist Council of Nagaland — Isak-Muivah (NSCN-IM), unleashed a region of terror in the Naga-inhabited areas in four of Manipur’s five hill districts namely, Ukhrul, Senapati, Tamenglong and Chandel. The NSCN-IM used Ukhrul district particularly (where its leader Muivah was born) as a base for collecting funds and recruiting cadres. The NSCN (IM) carried out several terrorist acts in Manipur in the nineties. On June 29, 1993. NSCN-IM militants killed 26 security force personnel and eight civilians in an ambush on National Highway No 39. During May-September 1993, NSCN-IM militants killed as many as 120 security forces personnel. On July 31, 1995, they attacked a Manipur Rifles post. In Kangohud, Senapati district, and looted 22 weaposn and 2,784 rounds of ammunition. Again in August 1995, NSCN-IM militants made a vain attempt on the life of the Deputy Chief Minister, Chaoba Singh.

The ethnic conflict between the Nagas and the Kukis — a major tribal group in Manipur - constituted another problem of the State. Clashes between the two groups are now not heard of. A number of Kuki outfits like Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki National Front (KNF) and many others had been struggling for a separate state within the Indian Union since the late eighties.
The ethnic conflict had an added dimension as a result of a bitter struggle to control drug trafficking and smuggling of contraband through the border town of Moreh. The NSCN-IM controlled this illegal commerce till Kuki-Naga clashes erupted in 1992. The Kukis captured it from the Nagas but the NSCN-IM remained determined to drive its rival out from Moreh as well as out of Kuki settlements in the Naga-dominated hill districts. The conflict resulted in the death of nearly a thousand people and an anormous loss of property. Over 2000 houses were burnt and hundreds of villages were affected.

The entire state’s polity remained polarised along ethnic lines. In addition to Meitei, Kuki and Naga rebel groups, several other tribes such as Paite, Vaiphei and Hmars also launched their own terrorist groups in recent years. There had also been frequent internecine conflicts, particularly between the Kukis and the Paites. Violence between the Kukis and the Paites had peaked in 1997-98 when clashes claimed over thousand lives with 4600 house torched and hundreds of thousands of rupees-worth of property destroyed. However, there were no violent incidents between these two tribes since the signing of an agreement between their leaders in October 1998. An objective perusal of the role played by defence forces to bring peace and normalcy back to this region demands a dispassionate scruting of this situation.


-Lt Col SD Goswami

Shwegondaing Declaration (True Copy in English Verstion)

May 1, All Burma Monk’s Alliance, The 88 Generation Students, All Burma
Federation of Student Unions
Statement on Shwegonedaing meeting's resolutions and declaration: No. 1/2009

We, the 88 Generation Students, the All Burma Monks' Alliance (ABMA) and
the All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU) have read the
Shwegonedaing Declaration and resolutions, made and agreed by 28th-29th
April 2009 special meeting of the members of the National League for
Democracy (NLD) including NLD Central Executive Committee, representatives
of the State and Division Organizational Committees, the members of the
Parliament Elect still standing with the NLD, representatives of the
Central Women Affairs Committee and the Youth Affairs Implementation
Committee, held at Head Quarter of the NLD on west Shwegonedaing street,
Rangoon. And we earnestly request the peoples of Burma and international
communities to fully support this Declaration and the resolutions of the
meeting which reinforce the party's firm stand on calls for the
unconditional release of all political prisoners including U Tin Oo and
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi; the convening of parliament, the review of the draft
constitution (2008); and political dialogue to overcome the country's
political impasse.

Moreover, we pledge our commitment to supporting the following five
specific resolutions unanimously agreed upon and adopted by the 28th-29th
NLD meeting in order to overcome the current political cries.

(1) Agreed the political report, organizational report and report on
review of draft constitution, presented by Central Executive Committee of
the NLD

(2) Agreed to implement proposed political program based on the League's 4
political stands

(3) Agreed to continue to strive for achieving unconditional political
dialogue with the participation of the decision makers for the interest of
the country (4) Agreed to further organizing activities to achieve the
support of the peoples in order to accomplish the League's objectives (5)
Agreed the League's stand regarding to participation in the forth-coming
election as noted in the political report of Central Executive Committee
We also further express our firm support of the following NLD position on
the forth-coming (2010) election.

''If the following conditions are met: (a) All political prisoners
including the leaders of the NLD are
unconditionally released, (b) The provisions of the (2008) constitution
which are not in accord with democratic principles are amended, (c) All
inclusive free and fair elections are held under international
supervision, the National League for Democracy (NLD) intends to
participate in the elections after gravely considering as a special case
and after studying the coming Party Registration Act and the laws relating
to the Elections..

'We believe that the above- mentioned resolutions and recommendations of
the NLD are pragmatic and logical inorder to solve the country’s political
problems and we therefore suggest strongly that every concerned party and
individual shall cooperate with the NLD to meet the League's
recommendations.

We also denounce the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)’s
continuing resistance to cooperating with the NLD. If the SPDC does not
cooperate with the NLD and continues to stubbornly maintain its exclusive
grip on power, all consequences will solely rest with it. Finally, we,
ABFSU, ABMA and 88 Generation Students reiterate our urgent and sincere
request for the whole people and international communities to support the
declaration and resolutions of the NLD's Shwegonedaing Meeting.

All Burma Monks' Alliance (ABMA)
The 88 Generation Students
All Burma Federation of Student Unions (ABFSU)

=
ZaSang property saved

ZBCM Foundings

ZBCmission
ZBC Zomi Baptist Convention
"ZOMI BAPTIST CONVENTION There had never been any formally constituted organization of the Christian churches in the Chin Hills. When I returned from the U.S.A. arriving at Rangoon on 18th September, 1950, I was invited to speak at the Annual Meeting of the American Baptist Missionary Fellowship in October. In my speech I attempted to express what I thought to be most essential for the growth of Christianity among our people. I explained that the Chin Hills had been the most neglected and the least developed area in Burma.

To remedy this I made the following two proposals: In order to strengthen the Christian churches, the village churches should be formed into properly constituted local associations and there should be overall organization embracing all the organizations A well-experienced missionary should come and make a survey of all the Chin-Hills and give us advice on various projects of development The Missionary Fellowship approved both proposals. Accordingly, Mission Secretary E. E. Sowards visited the Chin Hills during February and March 1952. By the time both the Tedim and Hakha Missionaries had left on furlough. So I myself had to accompany him throughout his survey tour.

At the conclusion of his survey tour he advised me as follows. He said the government in recent months changed its policy on mission work in Burma. Under this new policy our days of missionaries in Burma were numbered. And we might be asked to leave the country any day. What you proposed in October 1950 must be proceeded forthwith. You just start forming properly constituted Christian bodies – local associations and an overall convention, as speedily as you could. This properly constituted Christian bodies must be ready to take overall missionary work whenever the missionaries had to leave, And when this convention was formed it should be purely national organization, bearing national name, and run by national personnel. No foreign missionaries should hold any official position and should not be a member of any committee, but should work in an advisory capacity only.

According to his advice, I began forming the Tedim, Falam and Haka Associations during 1952. Then in order to constitute an overall organization, I asked the three Associations to select ten leaders each from the three Associations to form a Constitution Drafting Committee. This Constitution Drafting Committee met at Falam Baptist Church during the last week of October and the first week of November 1952. I acted as Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, Having explained to the committee that we were forming a purely national organization, I proposed that the name of our organization should bear our own national name. Outsiders call us Chin, but we never call ourselves by that name. So I believe you all agree to reject Chin to be the name of our organization and all the members of the Committee agreed by acclamation. Then I proposed that we should take ZOMI as our name as this is our correct historical name. And we should call our organization ZOMI BAPTIST CONVENTION.

A man sprang to his feet and rejected the name Zomi outright saying, “Saya, in Haka we apply this word Zo to the most backward and the most despicable people. So we do not want this name for our big Christian organization. Then I explained, “I proposed ZOMI because I believe it is the correct original historical name of our people, from the Naga Hills to the Bay of Bengal. To the north of Tedim, the Thadous and other tribes call themselves YO, in Falam, LAIZO. The Tedim people call themselves ZO, the Lushais MIZO, In Hakha, ZOTUNG, ZOPHEI, ZOKHUA. In Gangaw area ZO is pronounced as YAW, in Mindat, JO or CHO, and in Paletwa KHOMI. In Prome, Thayetmyo, Sandoway, and Bassein areas they call themselves A-SHO. So I am convinced that inspite of slight variations this ZO is our original historical national name. After this explanation Rev. Sang Ling who was the most senior and revered pastor from Hakha stood up and said, “What Saya Hau Go has just said is correct. In our younger days we were told that we were born at YOTLANG.

And ZO is our true original name. The word LAI is not our national name. LAI was first used by denizens of Hakha. It means our village people, our own local people, as distinct from outsiders. It is nor our national name”. Saying this, he wayed to Rev. Sang Fen who also was the second eldest and most respected pastor and asked, “What is your opinion on this, Saya. “I agreed, I believe ZO is our national name and I myself am the pastor of ZO-KHUA. After the two most senior and revered pastors of the Hakha area rose and spoke in support of my proposal, not a single voice of dissent was heard and the name ZOMI BAPTIST CONVENTION was unanimously approved. What the Constitution Drafting Committee had approved at the Falam meeting was officially and universally adopted by the general meeting at Saikah, March 5-7, 1953. The lone dissenting voice seemed to be a more idiosyncrasy or at best a limited local usage without any sound historical basis, because not a single member of the Constitution Drafting Committee voiced any support at Falam.

The general meeting held on March 5-7,1953 at Saikah village in the now Thantlang township of Hakha area was attended by 3,000 Christians. of these about two hundred were from the Falam area and less than ten from the Tedim area, because Saikah was 7-9 days’ foot journey from Tedim area. Even there where by far the vast majority of delegates were from the Hakha area there was not a single voice of support from LAIMI, but the name ZOMI BAPTIST CONVENTION was born, named and based on the foundation of historical truth, confirmed by the General Meeting at Saikah with the most remarkable spirit of Christian harmony and unity never experienced before or since.


I was asked, out of necessity, to serve temporarily for one day as General Secretary, pending the arrival of the Rev. David Van Bik who was ear-marked to relieve me on arrival from the U.S.A. the following year.


Rangoon

1st December, 1988
Sukte T. Hau Go

*ZaSang Property. Zam Sian Sang collected.